Liabilities / Assets
35th percentile
Higher debt load relative to assets than 35% of similar nonprofits.
Archaeology Southwest
EIN 86-0640183 • 501(c)3 • Tucson, AZ
Profile
Archaeology Southwest's mission is to explore and protect heritage places while honoring their diverse values.
Siviq Scores
Precomputed percentiles relative to similar nonprofits. These scores are descriptive rather than judgmental.
0.08x
Liabilities / Revenue
53rd percentile
Higher debt load relative to revenue than 53% of similar nonprofits.
Net Margin
66th percentile
Higher net margin than 66% of similar nonprofits.
Top Officer Pay
Score unavailable
No filing with officer rows is available for this organization yet.
Asset Growth
58th percentile
Faster asset growth than 58% of similar nonprofits.
Revenue Growth
70th percentile
Faster revenue growth than 70% of similar nonprofits.
Balance Sheet
Assets
Up$13,346,211
Up $933,077 (+7.5%) from 2023
Liabilities
Down$1,018,517
Down $92,312 (-8.3%) from 2023
Net Assets
Up$12,327,694
Up $1,025,389 (+9.1%) from 2023
Revenue
Up$4,055,512
Up $628,243 (+18%) from 2023
Expenses
Up$3,520,141
Up $578,365 (+20%) from 2023
Net Income
Up$535,371
Up $49,878 (+10%) from 2023
Trend Graphs
Filings
Most recent year
2024 • Form 990Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.
- Assets
- $13,346,211
- Liabilities
- $1,018,517
- Net assets
- $12,327,694
- Revenue
- $4,055,512
- Expenses
- $3,520,141
- Net income
- $535,371
Latest Filing Detail
Jump To
Filing Snapshot
- Filing Period
- Jan 1, 2024 to Dec 31, 2024
- Signed
- Oct 27, 2025
- Return Version
- 2024v5.2
- Gross Receipts
- $5,301,331
Mission and Program Overview
Mission
For three decades, archaeology southwest has practiced a holistic, conservation-based approach to exploring places of the past. We call this preservation archaeology. We foster meaningful connections to the past and respectfully safeguard its irreplaceable resources.
Archaeology Southwest's mission is to explore and protect heritage places while honoring their diverse values.
Balance Sheet Detail
| Line | Beginning | End | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assets | |||
| Investments in Publicly Traded Securities | $8,534,069 | $9,846,440 | ▲ $1,312,371 |
| Land, Buildings, and Equipment, Net | $2,231,639 | $2,198,556 | ▼ $33,083 |
| Savings and Temporary Cash Investments | $846,151 | $463,220 | ▼ $382,931 |
| Cash and Non-Interest-Bearing Accounts | $310,922 | $432,240 | ▲ $121,318 |
| Investments Other Securities | $174,527 | $134,469 | ▼ $40,058 |
| Pledges and Grants Receivable | $158,768 | $121,402 | ▼ $37,366 |
| Prepaid Expenses and Deferred Charges | $16,034 | $0 | ▼ $16,034 |
| Accounts Receivable | $672 | $1,606 | ▲ $934 |
| Total Assets | $12,413,134 | $13,346,211 | ▲ $933,077 |
| Other Assets Total | $140,352 | $148,278 | ▲ $7,926 |
| Liabilities | |||
| Unsecured Notes Loans Payable | $908,448 | $847,766 | ▼ $60,682 |
| Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses | $139,091 | $113,492 | ▼ $25,599 |
| Other Liabilities | $45,210 | $39,179 | ▼ $6,031 |
| Deferred Revenue | $18,080 | $18,080 | → $0 |
| Total Liabilities | $1,110,829 | $1,018,517 | ▼ $92,312 |
| Net Assets / Fund Balance | |||
| Net Assets With Donor Restrictions | $8,314,582 | $9,060,809 | ▲ $746,227 |
| Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions | $2,987,723 | $3,266,885 | ▲ $279,162 |
| Total Net Assets Fund Balance | $11,302,305 | $12,327,694 | ▲ $1,025,389 |
| Total Liabilities and Net Assets / Fund Balance | $12,413,134 | $13,346,211 | ▲ $933,077 |
Asset Categories
| Asset | Book Value | Depreciation | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Buildings | $1,139,017 | $449,043 | $1,588,060 |
| Land | $833,039 | - | $397,770 |
| Equipment | $102,088 | $65,569 | $167,657 |
| Leasehold Improvements | $124,412 | $30,857 | $155,269 |
Endowment Activity
| Period | Beginning | Contrib. | Gain/Loss | Other Uses | End |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | $8,193,274 | $229,557 | ▲ $896,548 | $320,131 | $8,999,248 |
| 2023 | $6,847,367 | $673,932 | ▲ $971,871 | $299,896 | $8,193,274 |
| 2022 | $7,921,356 | $505,352 | ▼ $1,299,108 | $280,233 | $6,847,367 |
| 2021 | $7,662,428 | - | - | - | $7,662,428 |
| 2020 | $6,754,240 | $177,519 | ▲ $1,036,704 | $272,144 | $7,662,428 |
Compensation and Service Providers
Employees
| Name | Title | Full / Part Time | Base | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steve Nash | President & CEO | FT | $148,494 | $7,600 | $156,094 |
| Linda Pierce | Deputy Director (CFO) | FT | $71,378 | $9,831 | $81,209 |
Board Members and Trustees
| Name | Title |
|---|---|
| Dan Kimball | Chair |
| Chip Colwell | Board member |
| Curtis Quam | Board member |
| Davina Two Bears | Board member |
| Paul Vanderveen | Board member |
| Ruth Kennedy Sudduth | Board member |
| Ruth Van Dyke | Board member |
| Mary Kay Gilliland | Secretary |
| David Kornberg | Treasurer |
Highest Paid Contractors
| Contractor | Services | Location | Compensation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lone Ranger Resources LLC | Site preservation and protection of arch | 820 N Kiaya Lane, Show Low, AZ 85901 | $129,612 |
Revenue and Support
Revenue Composition
- Contributions and Grants
- $3,262,279
- Program Service Revenue
- $246,971
- Investment Income
- $629,407
- Other Revenue
- $-83,145
- All Other Contributions
- $1,355,994
- Change in Net Assets
- $535,371
Audited Revenue Reconciliation
- Revenue per Audited Statements
- $4,006,194
- Revenue Not Reported on Financial Statements
- $49,318
- Revenue Not Reported on Form 990
- $666,361
- Other Revenue Adjustments
- $83
- Total Revenue per Audited Statements
- $4,672,555
- Total Revenue per Form 990
- $4,055,512
Expenses and Functional Allocation
Major Expense Lines
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Salaries, Compensation, and Employee Benefits | $1,980,680 |
| Other Expenses | $1,507,367 |
| Total Fundraising Expense | $231,847 |
| Grants and Similar Amounts Paid | $32,094 |
| Professional Fundraising Fees | $0 |
Functional Expense Allocation
| Line Item | Program | Management | Fundraising | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other Salaries and Wages | $1,189,700 | $143,952 | $119,283 | $1,452,935 |
| Fees for Services Other | $672,450 | $109,769 | $21,115 | $803,334 |
| Travel | $245,382 | $23,619 | $6,264 | $275,265 |
| Current Officers, Directors, Trustees, and Key Employees | $194,301 | $23,474 | $19,528 | $237,303 |
| Other Employee Benefits | $111,919 | $13,098 | $11,795 | $136,812 |
| Office Expenses | $109,497 | $13,163 | $7,487 | $130,147 |
| Payroll Taxes | $99,695 | $12,063 | $9,996 | $121,754 |
| Depreciation Depletion | $64,934 | $4,043 | $3,347 | $72,324 |
| Fees for Service Investment Mgmnt Fees | - | $49,318 | - | $49,318 |
| Fees for Services Accounting | - | $41,000 | - | $41,000 |
| Other Expenses | $33,837 | $2,025 | $1,678 | $37,540 |
| Pension Plan Contributions | $26,101 | $3,158 | $2,617 | $31,876 |
| Grants to Domestic Orgs | $27,294 | - | - | $27,294 |
| Interest | $24,436 | $1,369 | $1,134 | $26,939 |
| Insurance | $19,751 | $2,036 | $1,687 | $23,474 |
| Occupancy | $7,250 | - | - | $7,250 |
| Grants to Domestic Individuals | $4,800 | - | - | $4,800 |
| All Other Expenses | $-136,963 | $7,061 | $5,419 | $-124,483 |
| Total Functional Expenses | $2,827,377 | $460,917 | $231,847 | $3,520,141 |
Audited Expense Reconciliation
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Total Expenses per Audited Statements | $3,647,166 |
| Total Expenses per Form 990 | $3,520,141 |
| Expenses per Audited Statements | $3,470,823 |
| Expenses Not Reported on Form 990 | $176,343 |
| Expenses Not Reported on Financial Statements | $49,318 |
| Other Expense Adjustments | $83 |
International Activity
Grant and Assistance Recipients
| Recipient | Location | Category | Purpose | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Colorado | Boulder, CO | State of Colorado | CyberSW programming | $16,980 |
| University of Arizona | Tucson, AZ | State of Arizona | CyberSW programming | $9,715 |
Fundraising, Events, and Gaming
- Fundraising activities
- No
- Gaming activities
- No
- Professional fundraiser used
- No
Fundraising and Gaming Totals
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Professional Fundraising Fees | $0 |
Political and Lobbying Activity
- Political campaign activity
- No
- Lobbying activity
- No
- Subject to proxy tax
- No
Debt and Bond Financing
Other Reported Liabilities
| Liability | Amount |
|---|---|
| Conditional contributions refundable | $29,046 |
| Security deposits refundable | $5,948 |
| Lease liabilities | $4,185 |
Governance and Compliance
Governance Checklist
- Compiled or reviewed by an accountant
- No
- Annual disclosure for covered persons
- Yes
- Audit committee
- Yes
- Backup withholding compliance
- Yes
- Business relationship with 35% controlled entity
- No
- Business relationship with family members
- No
- Business relationship with organization members
- No
- Material changes to governing documents
- No
- Compensation from other sources disclosed
- No
- CEO compensation reviewed
- Yes
- Other officer compensation reviewed
- Yes
- Conflict-of-interest policy
- Yes
- Audited financial statements prepared
- No
- Key decisions subject to board approval
- No
- Management duties delegated
- No
Governance Explanations
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 11B
“The Board Internal Affairs Committee reviews the Form 990 prior to filing.”
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 12C
“All board members annually sign a statement affirming that they have received a copy of the conflict of interest policy, have read and understand the policy, and agree to comply with the policy.”
Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 15
“A compensation study was completed in 2023 as part of the process of hiring the new CEO. The Board reviewed and approved the compensation package offered to the new CEO including salary, benefits and other compensation components.”
Form 990, Part VI, Section C, line 19
“The public may request copies of such documents in person or via mail at: Archaeology Southwest, 300 N Ash Alley, Tucson, AZ 85701. Form 990, audited financials, conflicts of interest, and other policies are available on the organization's website.”
Filing and Contact Details
Filer
- Filer Name
- Archaeology Southwest
- EIN
- 86-0640183
- Phone
- 5208826946
- Address
- 281 N Stone Ave, Tucson, AZ 85701
Signing Officer
- Name
- Stephen E Nash
- Title
- President & CEO
- Phone
- 5208826946
- Signed
- 2025-10-27
- Discuss with paid preparer
- Yes
Organization Details
- Principal Officer
- Stephen E Nash
- Formed
- 1989
- Legal Domicile
- Az
- Voting Board Members
- 10
- Independent Board Members
- 9
- Employees
- 37
- Volunteers
- 20
Preparer
- Firm
- Keegan Linscott & Associates PC
- Address
- 3443 N Campbell Avenue Suite 115, Tucson, AZ 85719
- Preparer
- Carla J Keegan
- Phone
- 5208840176
Supplemental Narrative
Additional Explanations
Form 990, Part IX, line 11G
“Professional Services : Program service expenses 672,450. Management and general expenses 109,769. Fundraising expenses 21,115. Total expenses 803,334.”
Financial Statement Notes
Part II, Line 5:
“Conservation easements are monitored to protect significant archaeological, historical, and cultural values.”
Part II, Line 9:
“Archaeology Southwest has opted to expense purchased conservation easements, which are reported as conservation expense in the statement of functional expenses, and donated easements are not recorded as either revenue or expense.”
Part V, Line 4:
“The Organization's endowments were established to support, further and enhance the mission of the Organization. Board approved policies govern the use of earnings which can be expended to provide general support to Archaeology Southwest. Earnings on the endowments are unrestricted.”
Part X, Line 2:
“Archaeology Southwest is exempt from federal and state income taxes under the Federal Internal Revenue Code ("IRC") Section 501(c)(3) and Arizona income tax laws and is classified as other than a private foundation under IRC Section 509(a)(1). ASW also qualifies for the charitable contribution deduction under IRC Section 170(b)(1)(a). Prudent Preservation Partners LLC (PPP) is a single-member limited liability company which is a disregarded entity for income tax purposes. PPP's income from certain activities not directly related to the ASW's tax-exempt purpose may be subject to taxation as unrelated business income. Management believes such a tax liability is not material to these consolidated financial statements. Management has considered its tax positions in accordance with the accounting standard for uncertainty in income taxes and believes that all positions taken in its federal and state exempt organization tax returns are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. In addition, Management is not aware of any matters which would cause the Organization to lose its tax-exempt status. The Organization's returns are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities, generally for three years and four years, respectively, after they are filed. Should the Organization ever be subject to interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits, they would be classified in general and administrative expenses in its accompanying consolidated financial statements. During the year ended December 31, 2024 and 2023, the Organization did not recognize any interest and penalties.”
Part XI, Line 2D - Other Adjustments:
“Rental Expenses 176,343.”
Part XI, Line 4B - Other Adjustments:
“Investment Fees Adjustment 83.”
Part XII, Line 2D - Other Adjustments:
“Rental Expenses 176,343.”
Part XII, Line 4B - Other Adjustments:
“Investment Fees Adjustment 83.”
Part II, Line 8:
“There are no buildings or facades involved with Archaeology Southwest's conservation easements. As the holder of archaeological excavation and conservation easements, Archaeology Southwest is generally responsible for ensuring that the terms of the easement have not been violated.”
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| IRS990/ActivityOrMissionDesc | 0 | Archaeology Southwest's mission is to explore and protect heritage places while honoring their diverse values. |
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| IRS990/Desc | 0 | Landscape and Site ProtectionSave History: The Save History campaign expanded prevention and outreach in 2024, distributing 2,000+ children's activity books, launching an oral history video project, and presenting at conferences, including the Society for American Archaeology, National Association of Tribal Historic Preservation Officers, and the Southwest Symposium. Media outreach included NPR's Here and Now, podcasts, and Tribal youth events. Through SaveHistory.org, 12 crime tips were relayed to law enforcement.Archaeological Resource Crime Response and Prevention: The Archaeological Resources Protection Act (ARPA) Assistance Program, funded through a contract with the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), strengthened detection and response by completing fieldwork for seven Tribe-requested damage assessments, installing 75+ trail cameras, and distributing 500+ no-trespassing signs. We built national capacity for protecting cultural heritage through three 5-day ARPA trainings with over 100 total participants from 18 Tribal Nations and multiple agencies, plus custom seminars and regional sessions.Respect Great Bend 2024: Archaeology Southwest remains a lead organization in the Respect Great Bend Coalition. House of Representatives Bill (H.R.) 9257, the "Great Bend of the Gila National Monument Establishment Act," introduced by the late Congressman Raul Grijalva in late 2024, includes provisions for Tribal Commission co-stewardship of the proposed National Monument in southwestern AZ. This act was the subject of a well-received Congressional Hearing and multiple events organized by the Coalition to raise awareness for the proposed monument, including: EcoFlights with journalists and Tribal leaders, podcasts, trivia nights in Tucson and Phoenix, a Great Bend of the Gila beer from AZ Wilderness Brewing, and a fly-in to Washington DC for the "Monumental Day of Action" in April 2024. These events received favorable press coverage from KJZZ, Arizona Republic, Environment America, AZ Highways, AZPM news, Tucson Sentinel, and Channel 12 News. Engagement with the San Lucy District of the Tohono O'odham Nation resulted in a resolution of support.Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA, 1990): Archaeology Southwest contracted with the BIA to expand our collaboration to encompass assistance with consultations, repatriations, and compliance pursuant to NAGPRA. This contractual agreement follows on updated 2024 NAGPRA regulations, which provide clearer frameworks for institutions and prioritize Indigenous knowledge. Program Coordinator Amy Gillaspie joined our staff as lead, with Skylar Begay and others receiving training and assisting Gillaspie in working with museums, universities, and institutions across the US to facilitate the return of Indigenous Ancestors and their belongings to their descendants.Greater Chaco Cultural Landscape: In 2024, we continued to work hard to keep the Greater Chaco Landscape fully protected. The 2023-approved 20-year mineral withdrawal of federal lands and minerals within a 10-mile protection zone around Chaco Culture National Historical Park is in place. Our advocacy work continued to focus on interactions with Tribal and NGO partners to ensure future protection of Chaco's fragile landscape. |
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| IRS990/MissionDesc | 0 | We practice Preservation Archaeology, a holistic and conservation-based approach to exploring and protecting heritage places while honoring their diverse values. We compile archaeological information, make it accessible and understandable, share it with the public and decision-makers, advocate for landscape-scale protection, and steward heritage properties and conservation easements. We are committed to real and ongoing collaboration with Indigenous communities. |
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| IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActy2Grp/Desc | 0 | ResearchCultural Uses of Plants and Animals in the Southern Southwest: We have a National Science Foundation grant to study how people used animals and plants before, during, and after migrants from what is now northeastern Arizona moved south to join existing communities in southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. We have compiled substantial quantities of previously analyzed paleobotanical (plant) and osteofaunal (animal bone) data from published and unpublished sources, much of which is now in cyberSW (see below). We partnered with Desert Archaeology, Inc., to train an undergraduate research assistant who processed numerous 50-year-old flotation samples that are now being analyzed, and we continue to analyze additional zooarchaeological assemblages. Documenting Indigenous and Historical Trails: 2023 and 2024 grants from the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)put us on the ground documenting trails in the Sonoran Desert National Monument and expanding that methodology to other BLM units in Arizona. The objective is to evaluate the relationship, if any, between the Butterfield Overland National Historic Trail and existing Indigenous trails on public lands across the state. |
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| IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActy3Grp/Desc | 0 | cyberSWcyberSW: With the support of three National Science Foundation grants, the cyberSW team (Joshua Watts, Manager; Andre Takagi, Senior Systems Analyst/Developer; Caitlynn Mayhew [Din], Native American Fellow; Sarah Oas, Preservation Archaeologist; and Jeff Clark, Vice President for Research, serving in an advisory capacity) continued standardizing and adding information about pottery, plant & animal remains, and stone tools & artifacts recovered from ancient Indigenous settlements in AZ's Tonto, Phoenix, & Tucson Basins, southwestern NM, and southwestern CO. By the end of 2024, they had added data from more than 200 settlements. In late 2024, we were awarded a $350,000 grant from the National Endowment for Humanities' prestigious Digital Humanities Advancement Grant program. Funding will help us develop a digital field guide to O'Odham keystone plant & animal species, and help us improve the web platform in general. Work will build upon Mayhew's pilot project on Indigenous Knowledge & use of bird species. |
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| IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActyOtherGrp/Desc | 0 | Outreach and EducationPreservation Archaeology Position Papers: : John Welch, Paul Reed, Ashleigh Thompson, and Skylar Begay published a position paper: "Tribal Co-Management: What Works, Where and How." The paper complements attendance by Thompson and Begay at two "Bears Ears Gatherings," where members of the Bears Ears Inter-Tribal Coalition and the Bears Ears Commission planned co-management with the BLM and the US Forest Service. The paper blends the deliberations over Bears Ears with the results of international academic research and considerations of opportunities to structure co-management for the Great Bend of the Gila. Plans are in place for a new position paper on how Archaeology Southwest might uphold Indigenous data sovereignty principles.Archaeology Cafe: We concluded the 2023-2024 season of Archaeology Cafe, Nourishing Body, Soul, & Earth: Traditional Foods & Foodways, with a mix of in-person and virtual meetups. Later in 2024, we launched our 16th season with a fully in-person format at Catalyst, a community-creative space run by the Southern Arizona Arts & Cultural Alliance. Dogs! Exploring Canine Cultural Histories in North America proved to be vibrant and well-received, including by the very good dogs in attendance.Archaeology Southwest Magazine: In 2024, we published "Better for It: Archaeology Conceived in Collaboration with Community" (Archaeology Southwest Magazine Vol. 36, Nos. 3 & 4), a companion to our 2022-2023 season of Archaeology Caf. Contributors explored the challenges, scope, and rewards of collaborative archaeology. We completed a redesign that debuted early in 2025 with the 64-page Vol. 37, No. 1, "Continuity and Connections: The Living Landscapes of Mesa Verde," which was six years in development.Hands-On Archaeology: Preservation Archaeologist and Ancient Technologies Expert Allen Denoyer, Director of Outreach Sara Anderson, and volunteer Rocky Hettinger were busy in 2024: The Hands-On Archaeology program delivered 30 experiential learning events & workshops that directly engaged community members of all ages through recurring programs at metro Tucson's Steam Pump Ranch and Mission Garden. Additional appearances at the Tucson Festival of Books, Native Nations Day, Camp Cooper 60th anniversary, and World Atlatl Day at Catalina State Park helped broaden our community of supporters and advocates. Volunteers: In 2024, 107 individuals contributed a total of 5,034 hours of service across a wide range of projects. Two major collections-care projects were completed: the Robinson Project wrapped up after years of dedicated artifact analysis, and the Roadrunner Vista Project came to a close with the successful delivery of its materials to the Amerind Foundation. Volunteers also played vital roles in fieldwork. They logged nearly 1,800 hours on the Desert Trails Survey and Sabino Canyon Survey, and assisted with archaeological and conservation work in the San Pedro Valley. |
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