Civic Intelligence

Wallburg Elementary School PTO

990EZ • Fiscal year 2012 • EIN 56-1557598

Jul 01, 2011 to Jun 30, 2012 • Filed on Aug 27, 2012

205 Motsinger Road27107
Siviq Scores

Precomputed percentiles for this filing year versus similar nonprofits in the same peer cohort.

Liabilities / Assets

Score unavailable

No value available

Liabilities-to-assets requires both liabilities and assets on this filing.

Source year 2012

Liabilities / Revenue

Score unavailable

No value available

Liabilities-to-revenue requires both liabilities and revenue on this filing.

Source year 2012

Net Margin

19th percentile

-92%

Higher net margin than 19% of similar nonprofits.

2012 filings • NTEE T • <$500k nonprofits • Source year 2012

Top Officer Pay

Score unavailable

No value available

This filing does not contain officer compensation rows.

Source year 2012

Asset Growth

9th percentile

-51%

Faster asset growth than 9% of similar nonprofits.

2012 filings • NTEE T • <$500k nonprofits • Annualized from 2011 to 2012

Revenue Growth

15th percentile

-53%

Faster revenue growth than 15% of similar nonprofits.

2012 filings • NTEE T • <$500k nonprofits • Annualized from 2011 to 2012

Assets

Down

$21,528

Down $22,080 (-51%) from 2011

Net Assets

Down

$21,528

Down $22,080 (-51%) from 2011

Liabilities

-

No earlier filing loaded for comparison.

Revenue

Down

$23,879

Down $27,370 (-53%) from 2011

Expenses

Up

$45,959

Up $22,926 (+100%) from 2011

Net Income

Down

-$22,080

Down $50,296 (-178%) from 2011

Historical Trend

Balance Sheet Trend

The highlighted filing sits inside the broader history for assets, liabilities, and net assets.

$80K$60K$40K$20K$0Assets 2011: $43,608Net Assets 2011: $43,6082011Assets 2012: $21,528Net Assets 2012: $21,5282012Assets 2013: $14,544Net Assets 2013: $14,5442013Assets 2014: $13,325Net Assets 2014: $13,3252014Assets 2015: $21,426Net Assets 2015: $21,4262015Assets 2016: $25,090Net Assets 2016: $25,0902016Assets 2017: $30,406Net Assets 2017: $30,4062017Assets 2018: $45,090Net Assets 2018: $45,0902018Assets 2019: $46,793Net Assets 2019: $46,7932019Assets 2020: $34,815Net Assets 2020: $34,8152020Assets 2021: $43,125Net Assets 2021: $43,1252021Assets 2022: $43,182Net Assets 2022: $43,1822022Assets 2023: $47,584Net Assets 2023: $47,5842023Assets 2024: $65,259Net Assets 2024: $65,2592024Assets 2025: $79,699Net Assets 2025: $79,6992025

Highlighted filing

2012

Assets$21,528
Liabilities-
Net Assets$21,528

Operations Trend

Revenue, expenses, and net income across loaded years, with this filing highlighted.

$100K$50K$0-$50KRevenue 2011: $51,249Expenses 2011: $23,033Net Income 2011: $28,2162011Revenue 2012: $23,879Expenses 2012: $45,959Net Income 2012: -$22,0802012Revenue 2013: $30,398Expenses 2013: $37,382Net Income 2013: -$6,9842013Revenue 2014: $32,294Expenses 2014: $33,513Net Income 2014: -$1,2192014Revenue 2015: $71,347Expenses 2015: $63,246Net Income 2015: $8,1012015Revenue 2016: $44,280Expenses 2016: $40,616Net Income 2016: $3,6642016Revenue 2017: $72,970Expenses 2017: $67,654Net Income 2017: $5,3162017Revenue 2018: $61,161Expenses 2018: $46,477Net Income 2018: $14,6842018Revenue 2019: $69,991Expenses 2019: $68,288Net Income 2019: $1,7032019Revenue 2020: $33,235Expenses 2020: $45,213Net Income 2020: -$11,9782020Revenue 2021: $31,674Expenses 2021: $23,364Net Income 2021: $8,3102021Revenue 2022: $37,626Expenses 2022: $37,569Net Income 2022: $572022Revenue 2023: $53,291Expenses 2023: $48,889Net Income 2023: $4,4022023Revenue 2024: $52,588Expenses 2024: $34,913Net Income 2024: $17,6752024Revenue 2025: $53,081Expenses 2025: $38,641Net Income 2025: $14,4402025

Highlighted filing

2012

Revenue$23,879
Expenses$45,959
Net Income-$22,080
Jump To
Filing Snapshot
Filing Period
Jul 1, 2011 to Jun 30, 2012
Signed
Aug 27, 2012
Return Version
2011v1.2
Mission and Program Overview

Mission

Parent teacher organization

Filing and Contact Details

Filer

EIN
56-1557598
Raw XML Appendix210 raw XML fields

This appendix keeps the raw XML leaves available for debugging and edge-case review. The human report above is the primary experience.

Path#Value
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName0LISA ROTEN
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName1CHARITY MCKENZIE
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName2TANYA TENNANT
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName3VICKI SCHUMAN
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName4AMBER STANLEY
CompensationExplanation/Compensation/PersonName5SCOTT ZIPP
IRS990EZ/ActivitiesNotPreviouslyRpt0false
IRS990EZ/CashSavingsAndInvestments/BOY043608
IRS990EZ/CashSavingsAndInvestments/EOY021528
IRS990EZ/ContributionsGiftsGrantsEtc01079
IRS990EZ/DidOrgFileForm1120POLThisYear0false
IRS990EZ/DoesOrgHaveHospital0false
IRS990EZ/EngagedInExcessBenefitTrans0false
IRS990EZ/EngageInLobbyingActivities0false
IRS990EZ/EngagePoliticalCmpgnActivities0false
IRS990EZ/ExcessOrDeficitForYear0-22080
IRS990EZ/FeesAndOthPymtToIndContractors0550
IRS990EZ/FiledScheduleA0true
IRS990EZ/ForeignFinancialAccount0false
IRS990EZ/ForeignOffice0false
IRS990EZ/FundraisingGrossIncome093394
IRS990EZ/GrossReceipts095531
IRS990EZ/InfoInScheduleOPartI0X
IRS990EZ/InvestmentIncome019
IRS990EZ/MadeChangesToOrgnzngEtcDoc0false
IRS990EZ/MadeLoansToFromOfficers0false
IRS990EZ/MaintainAnyDonorAdvisedFunds0false
IRS990EZ/MethodOfAccountingCash0X
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalances/BOY043608
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOY043608
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalances/EOY021528
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOY021528
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine101454 MEADOWLANDS DR
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine111585 WALLBURG HIGH POINT RD
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine12654 WALKABOUT LANE
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine136225 MARY LEE WAY
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine14114 GENE CLODFELTER RD
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/AddressLine15100 PANTHER CREEK CT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City0WINSTON SALEM
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City1HIGH POINT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City2WINSTON SALEM
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City3HIGH POINT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City4WINSTON SALEM
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/City5WINSTON SALEM
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State0NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State1NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State2NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State3NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State4NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/State5NC
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode027107
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode127265
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode227107
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode327265
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode427107
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AddressUS/ZIPCode527107
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition02.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition12.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition22.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition32.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition42.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/AvgHoursPerWkDevotedToPosition52.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation10
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation20
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation30
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation40
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Compensation50
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName0LISA ROTEN
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName1CHARITY MCKENZIE
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName2TANYA TENNANT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName3VICKI SCHUMAN
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName4AMBER STANLEY
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/PersonName5SCOTT ZIPP
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title0CO-PRESIDENT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title1CO-PRESIDENT
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title2CO VICE-PRES
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title3CO VICE-PRES
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title4SECRETARY
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeKeyEmpl/Title5TREASURER
IRS990EZ/OperatingSchool0false
IRS990EZ/Organization501c30X
IRS990EZ/OrganizationDissolvedEtc0false
IRS990EZ/OrganizationHadUBI0false
IRS990EZ/OtherExpensesTotal045409
IRS990EZ/OtherRevenueTotal01039
IRS990EZ/PartVIAHghstPaidCntrctProfSer0NONE
IRS990EZ/PartVIOfCompOfHighestPaidEmpl0NONE
IRS990EZ/PrimaryExemptPurpose0PARENT TEACHER ORGANIZATION
IRS990EZ/ProgramServiceAccomplishment/DescriptionProgramServiceAccom0PTO ENGAGES IN FUNDRAISING, PROMOTING VOLUNTEERISM OF PARENTS TO FURTHER ELEMENTARY EDUCATION.
IRS990EZ/ProgramServiceAccomplishment/ProgramServiceExpenses044641
IRS990EZ/ProhibitedTaxShelterTrans0false
IRS990EZ/RelatedOrgControlledEntity0false
IRS990EZ/RelatedOrgSection527Org0false
IRS990EZ/ScheduleBNotRequired0X
IRS990EZ/SpecialEventsDirectExpenses071652
IRS990EZ/SpecialEventsNetIncomeLoss021742
IRS990EZ/StatesWhereCopyOfReturnIsFiled0NC
IRS990EZ/SubjectToProxyTax0false
IRS990EZ/TanningServicesProvided0false
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/AddressUS/AddressLine10100 PANTHER CREEK CR
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/AddressUS/City0WINSTON SALEM
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/AddressUS/State0NC
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/AddressUS/ZIPCode027107
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/NamePerson0SCOTT ZIPP
IRS990EZ/TheBooksAreInCareOf/TelephoneNumber03367692921
IRS990EZ/TotalAssets/BOY043608
IRS990EZ/TotalAssets/EOY021528
IRS990EZ/TotalExpenses045959
IRS990EZ/TotalProgramServiceExpenses044641
IRS990EZ/TotalRevenue023879
IRS990EZ/TrnsfrsExemptNonCharRelatedOrg0true
IRS990EZ/WebSite0N/A
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/CurrentTaxYear01079
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year04110
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years07777
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years05166
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years0858
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContribReceived509/Total018990
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/CurrentTaxYear019
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year015
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years09
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years025
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years034
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509/Total0102
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/CurrentTaxYear093394
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year0102625
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years083946
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years051441
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years085623
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsFromAdmissions/Total0417029
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/CurrentTaxYear019
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year015
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years09
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years025
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years034
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeAndUBTI/Total0102
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomePercentage00.00000
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/CurrentTaxYear01039
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year01136
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years01570
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years0429
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years01616
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509/Total05790
IRS990ScheduleA/PriorYearSupportPercentage00.98820
IRS990ScheduleA/PubliclySupportedOrg509a20X
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportPercentage50900.98670
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportTotal5090436019
IRS990ScheduleA/ThirtyThreePercntTestsCY5090X
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/CurrentTaxYear094473
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year0106735
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years091723
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years056607
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years086481
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509/Total0436019
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/CurrentTaxYear095531
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/CurrentTaxYearMinus1Year0107886
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/CurrentTaxYearMinus2Years093302
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/CurrentTaxYearMinus3Years057061
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/CurrentTaxYearMinus4Years088131
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportTotal/Total0441911
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/DirectExpenseSummaryEvents067695
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossReceiptsEvent1023462
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossReceiptsEvent2020860
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossReceiptsOtherEvents040717
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossReceiptsTotal085039
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossRevenueEvent1023462
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossRevenueEvent2020860
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossRevenueOtherEvents040717
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/GrossRevenueTotalEvents085039
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/NameOfEvent10CATALOG SALES
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/NameOfEvent20BOOK FAIR
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/NetIncomeSummary017344
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/OtherDirectExpensesEvent1012110
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/OtherDirectExpensesEvent2017626
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/OtherDirectExpensesOtherEvents037959
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/OtherDirectExpensesTotalEvents067695
IRS990ScheduleG/EventsInformation/TotalNumberOfOtherEvents05
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/Explanation0NC SALES TAX REFUND 1,039 TOTAL 1,039
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/Explanation1EXPENSES HOSPITALITY 1,132 MEDIA CENTER 3,000 ENRICHMENT STAFF 1,161 WALLBURG DAY 718 KINDERGARTEN READING TS 104 SCIENCE FAIR 1,448 TEACHER STIPEND/SUPPLIES 7,200 TEACHER APPRECIATION WEEK 100 SUPPLIES 3,017 INSURANCE 320 OTHER 3,267 WALLBURG FIRE DEPT 100 BOOKS 698 VOLUNTEER EXPENSES 400 SCHOOL SECURITY SYSTEM 22,017 TEACHER ASSISTANT CONFERE 727 TOTAL 45,409
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/Identifier0OTHER REVENUE
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/Identifier1OTHER EXPENSES
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/ReturnReference0FORM 990-EZ, PART I, LINE 8
IRS990ScheduleO/GeneralExplanation/ReturnReference1FORM 990-EZ, PART I, LINE 16
ReturnHeader/BuildTS02016-02-24 21:20:13Z
ReturnHeader/Filer/EIN0561557598
ReturnHeader/Filer/Name/BusinessNameLine10WALLBURG ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PTO
ReturnHeader/Filer/NameControl0WALL
ReturnHeader/Filer/Phone03367692921
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/AddressLine10205 MOTSINGER ROAD
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/City0WINSTON SALEM
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/State0NC
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/ZIPCode027107
ReturnHeader/Officer/DateSigned02012-08-27
ReturnHeader/Officer/Name0SCOTT ZIPP
ReturnHeader/Officer/Phone03367692921
ReturnHeader/Officer/Title0TREASURER
ReturnHeader/Preparer/DatePrepared02012-08-27
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirm/PreparerFirmBusinessName/BusinessNameLine10BALLARD SURRATT & CO PA
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirm/PreparerFirmUSAddress/AddressLine1050 SALEM STREET
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirm/PreparerFirmUSAddress/City0THOMASVILLE
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirm/PreparerFirmUSAddress/State0NC
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirm/PreparerFirmUSAddress/ZIPCode0273603945
ReturnHeader/Preparer/Name0THOMAS A BALLARD
ReturnHeader/Preparer/Phone03364723434
ReturnHeader/ReturnType0990EZ
ReturnHeader/TaxPeriodBeginDate02011-07-01
ReturnHeader/TaxPeriodEndDate02012-06-30
ReturnHeader/TaxYear02011
ReturnHeader/Timestamp02012-08-31T13:02:29-05:00

Document Assets

No mirrored PDF or thumbnail assets are attached yet.

Filings

Balance SheetOperations
YearAssetsLiabilitiesNet AssetsRevenueExpensesNet Income
2025Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$79.7$79.7$53.1$38.6$14.4
2024Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$65.3$65.3$52.6$34.9$17.7
2023Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$47.6$47.6$53.3$48.9$4.40
2022Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$43.2$43.2$37.6$37.6$0.06
2021Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$43.1$43.1$31.7$23.4$8.31
2020Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$34.8$34.8$33.2$45.2$12.0
2019Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$46.8$46.8$70.0$68.3$1.70
2018Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$45.1$45.1$61.2$46.5$14.7
2017Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$30.4$30.4$73.0$67.7$5.32
2016Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$25.1$25.1$44.3$40.6$3.66
2015Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$21.4$21.4$71.3$63.2$8.10
2014Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$13.3$13.3$32.3$33.5$1.22
2013Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.$14.5$14.5$30.4$37.4$6.98
2012Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.$21.5$21.5$23.9$46.0$22.1
2011Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.$43.6$43.6$51.2$23.0$28.2