Civic Intelligence

Planetary Science Institute

EIN 33-0175263 • 501(c)3 • Tucson, AZ

View Organization Page

Profile

The Planetary Science Institute studies the origin, characteristics and evolution of our solar system, the Earth, and solar systems around other stars. We support and encourage both human and robotic exploration of space. We convey the knowledge we gain to the scientific community and public at large, and work to improve the scientific education of the nation's institutions of learning at all levels. We work to provide the facilities, infrastructure and the positive, constructive and vital institutional setting necessary for the scientists and staff of the Planetary Science Institute to achieve these goals.

1700 E Ft Lowell Rd No 106Tucson, AZ 85719

www.psi.edu

Siviq Scores

Precomputed percentiles relative to similar nonprofits. These scores are descriptive rather than judgmental.

Liabilities / Assets

69th percentile

0.39x

Higher debt load relative to assets than 69% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Source year 2024

Liabilities / Revenue

36th percentile

0.12x

Higher debt load relative to revenue than 36% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Source year 2024

Net Margin

37th percentile

0.5%

Higher net margin than 37% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Source year 2024

Top Officer Pay

81st percentile

$307,198

Higher top officer pay than 81% of similar nonprofits.

Top officer pay equals 1.7% of source-year revenue.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Source year 2024

Asset Growth

25th percentile

-1.9%

Faster asset growth than 25% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Annualized from 2022 to 2024

Revenue Growth

29th percentile

-1.7%

Faster revenue growth than 29% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • $10M-$25M nonprofits • Annualized from 2022 to 2024

Balance Sheet
Liabilities / Assets69th percentile

Assets

Down

$5,660,734

Down $226,718 (-3.9%) from 2022

Liabilities

Down

$2,230,439

Down $707,708 (-24%) from 2022

Net Assets

Up

$3,430,295

Up $480,990 (+16%) from 2022

Operations
Liabilities / Revenue36th percentileNet Margin37th percentile

Revenue

Down

$17,875,430

Down $641,990 (-3.5%) from 2022

Expenses

Down

$17,793,247

Down $358,490 (-2.0%) from 2022

Net Income

Down

$82,183

Down $283,500 (-78%) from 2022

Trend Graphs

Balance Sheet Trend

Asset Growth25th percentile

Grouped bars show assets, liabilities, and net assets across loaded filings.

$6.0M$4.0M$2.0M$0Assets 2014: $2,790,212Liabilities 2014: $2,467,953Net Assets 2014: $322,2592014Assets 2015: $2,913,855Liabilities 2015: $2,479,068Net Assets 2015: $434,7872015Assets 2016: $2,917,293Liabilities 2016: $2,503,856Net Assets 2016: $413,4372016Assets 2018: $3,358,331Liabilities 2018: $2,679,114Net Assets 2018: $679,2172018Assets 2019: $3,624,539Liabilities 2019: $2,773,756Net Assets 2019: $850,7832019Assets 2020: $5,644,697Liabilities 2020: $4,884,487Net Assets 2020: $760,2102020Assets 2021: $5,275,095Liabilities 2021: $2,630,056Net Assets 2021: $2,645,0392021Assets 2022: $5,887,452Liabilities 2022: $2,938,147Net Assets 2022: $2,949,3052022Assets 2024: $5,660,734Liabilities 2024: $2,230,439Net Assets 2024: $3,430,2952024

Highlighted filing

2024

Assets$5,660,734
Liabilities$2,230,439
Net Assets$3,430,295
Open 2024 Filing

Operations Trend

Revenue Growth29th percentile

Revenue, expenses, and net income by year, with the latest filing highlighted.

$20M$15M$10M$5.0M$0-$5.0MRevenue 2014: $9,816,547Expenses 2014: $9,800,201Net Income 2014: $16,3462014Revenue 2015: $10,662,768Expenses 2015: $10,550,240Net Income 2015: $112,5282015Revenue 2016: $11,666,276Expenses 2016: $11,687,626Net Income 2016: -$21,3502016Revenue 2018: $13,124,044Expenses 2018: $12,945,376Net Income 2018: $178,6682018Revenue 2019: $15,198,856Expenses 2019: $15,027,290Net Income 2019: $171,5662019Revenue 2020: $15,041,893Expenses 2020: $15,120,352Net Income 2020: -$78,4592020Revenue 2021: $17,303,405Expenses 2021: $15,454,007Net Income 2021: $1,849,3982021Revenue 2022: $18,517,420Expenses 2022: $18,151,737Net Income 2022: $365,6832022Revenue 2024: $17,875,430Expenses 2024: $17,793,247Net Income 2024: $82,1832024

Highlighted filing

2024

Revenue$17,875,430
Expenses$17,793,247
Net Income$82,183
Open 2024 Filing

Filings

Most recent year

2024 • Form 990Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.

Open filing
Assets
$5,660,734
Liabilities
$2,230,439
Net assets
$3,430,295
Revenue
$17,875,430
Expenses
$17,793,247
Net income
$82,183
Balance SheetOperations
YearAssetsLiabilitiesNet AssetsRevenueExpensesNet Income
2024Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.$5.66$2.23$3.43$17.9$17.8$0.08
2022Facts available. Structured filing facts are available, but richer extracted sections are limited.$5.89$2.94$2.95$18.5$18.2$0.37
2021XML pending. An XML filing is linked for this year, but detailed extraction is still pending.$5.28$2.63$2.65$17.3$15.5$1.85
2020XML pending. An XML filing is linked for this year, but detailed extraction is still pending.$5.64$4.88$0.76$15.0$15.1$0.08
2019XML pending. An XML filing is linked for this year, but detailed extraction is still pending.$3.62$2.77$0.85$15.2$15.0$0.17
2018XML pending. An XML filing is linked for this year, but detailed extraction is still pending.$3.36$2.68$0.68$13.1$12.9$0.18
2016XML pending. An XML filing is linked for this year, but detailed extraction is still pending.$2.92$2.50$0.41$11.7$11.7$0.02
2015Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$2.91$2.48$0.43$10.7$10.6$0.11
2014Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$2.79$2.47$0.32$9.82$9.80$0.02
Latest Filing Detail
Jump To
Filing Snapshot
Filing Period
Oct 1, 2023 to Sep 30, 2024
Signed
Aug 12, 2025
Return Version
2023v6.0
Gross Receipts
$17,875,430
Mission and Program Overview

Mission

The Planetary Science Institute studies the origin, characteristics, and evolution of planetary systems, including our solar system, Earth itself, and planetary systems around other stars. We convey the resulting knowledge to the scientific community, and to the public at large to promote science education and science literacy. We further use this knowledge to advance human activity in space and shape the future of robotic exploration of the solar system.

Solar system exploration, comparative planetology, science education and public outreach

Balance Sheet Detail
LineBeginningEndChange
Assets
Cash and Non-Interest-Bearing Accounts$2,988,380$2,387,106▼ $601,274
Pledges and Grants Receivable$1,515,125$1,609,012▲ $93,887
Land, Buildings, and Equipment, Net$1,307,177$1,129,728▼ $177,449
Savings and Temporary Cash Investments$295,495$364,986▲ $69,491
Prepaid Expenses and Deferred Charges$18,482$35,258▲ $16,776
Total Assets$6,331,149$5,660,734▼ $670,415
Other Assets Total$206,490$134,644▼ $71,846
Liabilities
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses$2,143,048$2,003,848▼ $139,200
Other Liabilities$231,879$153,096▼ $78,783
Mortgage Notes Payable Secured by Investment Property$666,274$73,495▼ $592,779
Deferred Revenue$4,390$0▼ $4,390
Total Liabilities$3,045,591$2,230,439▼ $815,152
Net Assets / Fund Balance
Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions$3,175,518$3,313,255▲ $137,737
Net Assets With Donor Restrictions$110,040$117,040▲ $7,000
Total Net Assets Fund Balance$3,285,558$3,430,295▲ $144,737
Total Liabilities and Net Assets / Fund Balance$6,331,149$5,660,734▼ $670,415

Asset Categories

AssetBook ValueDepreciationBasis
Buildings$928,167$1,370,768$2,298,935
Equipment$201,561$1,045,263$1,246,824
Compensation and Service Providers
Top Officer Pay81st percentile

Employees

NameTitleFull / Part TimeBaseOtherTotal
Mark V SykesCEO / TrusteeFT$245,415$61,783$307,198
Maurizio A Ienna-BalistreriCFO / TreasurerFT$186,007$68,730$254,737
Amanda R HendrixSenior ScientistFT$183,956$64,721$248,677
Catherine M WeitzSenior ScientistFT$172,983$45,330$218,313
Nathaniel PutzigSenior ScientistFT$172,931$42,571$215,502
Melinda DyarSenior ScientistPT$176,309$32,541$208,850
Eldar Z Noe DobreaSenior ScientistFT$172,209$32,190$204,399
Linda L RuegerHR Director / SecretaryFT$146,740$33,104$179,844

Board Members and Trustees

NameTitle
Scott FouseTrustee/Board Chair
William CraigTrustee/Vice Chair
Alison NordtTrustee
Arun SeraphinTrustee
William HartmannTrustee
Revenue and Support

Revenue Composition

Contributions and Grants
$127,528
Program Service Revenue
$17,674,797
Investment Income
$66,962
Other Revenue
$6,143
All Other Contributions
$127,528
Change in Net Assets
$82,183

Audited Revenue Reconciliation

Revenue per Audited Statements
$17,875,430
Revenue Not Reported on Financial Statements
$0
Revenue Not Reported on Form 990
$62,554
Total Revenue per Audited Statements
$17,937,984
Total Revenue per Form 990
$17,875,430
Expenses and Functional Allocation

Major Expense Lines

Line ItemAmount
Salaries, Compensation, and Employee Benefits$13,200,431
Other Expenses$4,592,816
Total Fundraising Expense$1,334
Grants and Similar Amounts Paid$0
Professional Fundraising Fees$0

Functional Expense Allocation

Line ItemProgramManagementFundraisingTotal
Other Salaries and Wages$9,150,572$523,820-$9,674,392
Pension Plan Contributions$1,047,334$135,665-$1,182,999
Other Employee Benefits$857,206$103,287-$960,493
Payroll Taxes$695,264$77,122-$772,386
Current Officers, Directors, Trustees, and Key Employees$156,281$453,880-$610,161
Travel$430,759$2,937-$433,696
Depreciation Depletion$209,964$36,247-$246,211
All Other Expenses$71,348$157,071$414$228,833
Occupancy$172,874$48,170-$221,044
Conferences and Meetings$204,570$7,569-$212,139
Information Technology$137,141$24,656-$161,797
Fees for Services Other$42,247$68,912-$111,159
Office Expenses$61,853$8,581$920$71,354
Other Expenses$64,982$39,525-$64,982
Fees for Services Accounting$75$39,925-$40,000
Insurance-$38,366-$38,366
Interest$13,952$3,421-$17,373
Fees for Service Investment Mgmnt Fees-$2,527-$2,527
Fees for Services Legal$2$856-$858
Total Functional Expenses$16,019,376$1,772,537$1,334$17,793,247

Audited Expense Reconciliation

Line ItemAmount
Expenses per Audited Statements$17,793,247
Total Expenses per Audited Statements$17,793,247
Total Expenses per Form 990$17,793,247
Expenses Not Reported on Financial Statements$0
Expenses Not Reported on Form 990$0
Fundraising, Events, and Gaming
Fundraising activities
No
Gaming activities
No
Professional fundraiser used
No

Fundraising and Gaming Totals

Line ItemAmount
Professional Fundraising Fees$0
Political and Lobbying Activity
Political campaign activity
No
Lobbying activity
No
Subject to proxy tax
No
Debt and Bond Financing

Other Reported Liabilities

LiabilityAmount
Operating Lease Liablity$153,096
Governance and Compliance

Governance Checklist

Compiled or reviewed by an accountant
No
Annual disclosure for covered persons
Yes
Audit committee
Yes
Backup withholding compliance
Yes
Business relationship with 35% controlled entity
No
Business relationship with family members
No
Business relationship with organization members
No
Material changes to governing documents
No
Compensation from other sources disclosed
No
CEO compensation reviewed
Yes
Other officer compensation reviewed
Yes
Conflict-of-interest policy
Yes
Audited financial statements prepared
No
Key decisions subject to board approval
No
Management duties delegated
No

Governance Explanations

Form 990, Part VI, Section A, line 8B

“Planetary Science Institute does not have committees that have authority to act on behalf of the governing body.”

Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 11B

“The CFO coordinates the preparation of the tax return with the Institute's independent auditing firm, which is selected by Board resolution. The Controller and CFO review the tax return line by line and discuss all elements of the return with the CEO. After final review and discussion, the CFO signs the tax return. Other members of the Board are provided a copy of the return prior to the return being filed.”

Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 12C

“Employees and Trustees are required to sign the COI policy upon onboarding. PSI's procurement policy requires purchases in excess of certain thresholds to have multiple quotes, mitigating the risk of paying excessive amounts to potentially conflicted parties. Direct cost purchases are scrutinized for compliance by PIs and Finance staff. Indirect cost purchases are scrutinized by Finance staff, including Controller, CFO, and CEO. Quarterly financial reports are reviewed by Management and Board of Trustees.”

Form 990, Part VI, Section B, line 15

“Compensation for the CEO and CFO are reviewed, discussed, and approved by the Board of Trustees.”

Form 990, Part VI, Section C, line 19

“The organization's financial statements, governing documents, etc. are made available to the public upon request.”

Filing and Contact Details

Filer

Filer Name
Planetary Science Institute
EIN
33-0175263
Phone
5206226300
Address
1700 E Ft Lowell Rd No 106, Tucson, AZ 85719

Signing Officer

Name
Maurizio Balistreri
Title
Chief Financial Officer
Phone
5206226300
Signed
2025-08-12
Discuss with paid preparer
Yes

Organization Details

Principal Officer
Amanda R Hendrix
Formed
1986
Legal Domicile
Az
Voting Board Members
6
Independent Board Members
6
Employees
162
Volunteers
3

Preparer

Firm
Keegan Linscott & Associates PC
Address
3443 N Campbell Avenue Suite 115, Tucson, AZ 85719
Preparer
Carla J Keegan
Phone
5208840176
Supplemental Narrative

Financial Statement Notes

Part X, Line 2:

“The Institute is exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Institute is also exempt from state income taxes. Accordingly, no provision for federal or state income taxes is recorded in the accompanying financial statements. Management is not aware of any matters which would cause the Institute to lose its tax-exempt status. However, income from certain activities not directly related to the Institute's tax-exempt purpose, may be subject to taxation as unrelated business income. Management has considered its tax positions and believes that all of the positions taken in its federal and state exempt organization tax returns are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. The Institute's returns are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities, generally for three years and four years, respectively, after they are filed. The Institute recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in operating and general expenses in the accompanying financial statements. During the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Institute did not recognize any interest and penalties.”

Raw XML AppendixShowing 400 of 626 raw XML fields

This appendix keeps the raw XML leaves available for debugging and edge-case review. The human report above is the primary experience.

Path#Value
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IRS990/Desc0The Planetary Science Institute (PSI) is a nonprofit science research and educational organization with an established record of excellence in solar system exploration, comparative planetology, science education and public outreach. PSI has scientists in 34 states, the District of Columbia, and other locations around the world. In the fiscal year ending September 30, 2024, PSI scientists operated instruments on NASA's Mars Science Laboratory and Juno missions and provided science team support for these and NASA's Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars Perseverance Rover, Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, Psyche, New Horizons, and Europa Clipper missions and ESA's Mars Express. They are developing insights into the origin of life, discovered widespread sources of water and hydroxyl on the Moon, and found a new population of impact craters on Venus. They have explained the existence of a young underground ocean on an icy satellite of Saturn, improved our understanding of Earth's ionosphere, and discovered potential ice-rich deposits in the equatorial region of Mars.The PSI Observatory continues to be used in the study of Jupiter's Io torus, the observation of comets, exoplanets and other bodies. PSI scientists support an instrument on the International Space Station to study the climate effects of dust (particularly from North Africa).PSI scientists were awarded research grants and contracts to conduct diverse research and laboratory studies covering the Moon, Mars, asteroids, comets, meteorites, outer planet satellites, solar system dynamics, solar system origins, planets around other stars, and other areas.PSI is responsible, as part of NASA's Planetary Data System, for archiving all mission data involving asteroids, comets and interplanetary dust and making it available to the general science community and public. PSI scientists engaged in public outreach through art, writing children's books, popular science books, and public lectures and broadcast events such as Discovery Channel and BBC specials.
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IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm1Scott Fouse
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm2William Craig
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm3William Hartmann
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm4Alison Nordt
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm5Arun Seraphin
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm6Maurizio A Ienna-Balistreri
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm7Linda L Rueger
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm8Nathaniel Putzig
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm9Amanda R Hendrix
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm10Catherine M Weitz
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm11Melinda Dyar
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm12Eldar Z Noe Dobrea
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IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt0CEO / Trustee
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IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt3Trustee
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt4Trustee
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt5Trustee
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt6CFO / Treasurer
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt7HR Director / Secretary
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt8Senior Scientist
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt9Senior Scientist
IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt10Senior Scientist
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IRS990/MissionDesc0The Planetary Science Institute studies the origin, characteristics, and evolution of planetary systems, including our solar system, Earth itself, and planetary systems around other stars. We convey the resulting knowledge to the scientific community, and to the public at large to promote science education and science literacy. We further use this knowledge to advance human activity in space and shape the future of robotic exploration of the solar system.
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IRS990ScheduleD/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt0The Institute is exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Institute is also exempt from state income taxes. Accordingly, no provision for federal or state income taxes is recorded in the accompanying financial statements. Management is not aware of any matters which would cause the Institute to lose its tax-exempt status. However, income from certain activities not directly related to the Institute's tax-exempt purpose, may be subject to taxation as unrelated business income. Management has considered its tax positions and believes that all of the positions taken in its federal and state exempt organization tax returns are more likely than not to be sustained upon examination. The Institute's returns are subject to examination by federal and state taxing authorities, generally for three years and four years, respectively, after they are filed. The Institute recognizes interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in operating and general expenses in the accompanying financial statements. During the years ended September 30, 2024 and 2023, the Institute did not recognize any interest and penalties.
IRS990ScheduleD/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc0Part X, Line 2:
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