Liabilities / Assets
93rd percentile
Higher debt load relative to assets than 93% of similar nonprofits.
990 • Fiscal year 2013 • EIN 91-1453398
Precomputed percentiles for this filing year versus similar nonprofits in the same peer cohort.
Liabilities / Assets
93rd percentile
Higher debt load relative to assets than 93% of similar nonprofits.
Liabilities / Revenue
92nd percentile
Higher debt load relative to revenue than 92% of similar nonprofits.
Net Margin
72nd percentile
Higher net margin than 72% of similar nonprofits.
Top Officer Pay
91st percentile
Higher top officer pay than 91% of similar nonprofits.
Top officer pay equals 13.4% of source-year revenue.
Asset Growth
91st percentile
Faster asset growth than 91% of similar nonprofits.
Revenue Growth
71st percentile
Faster revenue growth than 71% of similar nonprofits.
Assets
Up$2,813,885
Up $681,015 (+32%) from 2012
Net Assets
Up$568,848
Up $208,335 (+58%) from 2012
Liabilities
Up$2,245,037
Up $472,680 (+27%) from 2012
Revenue
$2,268,656
No earlier filing loaded for comparison.
Expenses
Up$2,060,321
Up $105,211 (+5.4%) from 2012
Net Income
$208,335
No earlier filing loaded for comparison.
Washington biotechnology & biomedical association is a non-profit trade and professional association dedicated to promoting innovation and responsible growth in the life sciences and biomedical industries in the state of washington. Promotion and education are primarily in the form of newsletters, special events, and lobbying.
Washington biotechnology & biomedical association is a non-profit trade and professional association dedicated to promoting innovation and responsible growth in the biotechnology and biomedical industries in the state of washington.
| Line | Beginning | End | Change |
|---|---|---|---|
| Assets | |||
| Savings and Temporary Cash Investments | $1,161,250 | $1,772,188 | ▲ $610,938 |
| Accounts Receivable | $709,942 | $741,325 | ▲ $31,383 |
| Rtn Earn Endowment Incm Other Fnds | $360,513 | $568,848 | ▲ $208,335 |
| Cash and Non-Interest-Bearing Accounts | $181,432 | $236,836 | ▲ $55,404 |
| Prepaid Expenses and Deferred Charges | $60,765 | $41,657 | ▼ $19,108 |
| Land, Buildings, and Equipment, Net | $14,940 | $17,338 | ▲ $2,398 |
| Pd in Cap Srpls Land Bldg Eqp Fund | $0 | $0 | → $0 |
| Cap Stk Tr Prin Current Funds | $0 | $0 | → $0 |
| Total Assets | $2,132,870 | $2,813,885 | ▲ $681,015 |
| Other Assets Total | $4,541 | $4,541 | → $0 |
| Liabilities | |||
| Other Liabilities | $778,341 | $1,117,436 | ▲ $339,095 |
| Deferred Revenue | $861,327 | $957,292 | ▲ $95,965 |
| Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses | $132,689 | $170,309 | ▲ $37,620 |
| Total Liabilities | $1,772,357 | $2,245,037 | ▲ $472,680 |
| Net Assets / Fund Balance | |||
| Total Net Assets Fund Balance | $360,513 | $568,848 | ▲ $208,335 |
| Total Liabilities and Net Assets / Fund Balance | $2,132,870 | $2,813,885 | ▲ $681,015 |
| Asset | Book Value | Depreciation | Basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Equipment | $17,338 | $9,213 | $26,551 |
| Name | Title | Full / Part Time | Base | Other | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christopher E Rivera | President | FT | $244,400 | $59,478 | $303,878 |
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Salaries, Compensation, and Employee Benefits | $1,098,539 |
| Other Expenses | $961,782 |
| Grants and Similar Amounts Paid | $0 |
| Professional Fundraising Fees | $0 |
| Total Fundraising Expense | $0 |
| Line Item | Program | Management | Fundraising | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Other Salaries and Wages | - | - | - | $649,698 |
| Current Officers, Directors, Trustees, and Key Employees | - | - | - | $303,878 |
| Occupancy | - | - | - | $105,128 |
| Office Expenses | - | - | - | $91,062 |
| Fees for Services Lobbying | - | - | - | $86,176 |
| Payroll Taxes | - | - | - | $67,152 |
| Other Employee Benefits | - | - | - | $64,349 |
| Travel | - | - | - | $44,915 |
| Fees for Services Accounting | - | - | - | $34,517 |
| Information Technology | - | - | - | $25,822 |
| Other Expenses | - | - | - | $19,436 |
| Pension Plan Contributions | - | - | - | $13,462 |
| All Other Expenses | - | - | - | $11,538 |
| Advertising | - | - | - | $7,424 |
| Conferences and Meetings | - | - | - | $7,051 |
| Depreciation Depletion | - | - | - | $4,982 |
| Insurance | - | - | - | $4,167 |
| Interest | - | - | - | $8 |
| Total Functional Expenses | $0 | $0 | $0 | $2,060,321 |
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Professional Fundraising Fees | $0 |
| Line Item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Current Year Nondeductible Lobbying and Political Cost | $86,176 |
| Total Nondeductible Lobbying and Political Cost | $16,819 |
| Interested Party | Relationship | Description | Shared Revenue | Amount |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaeli Rivera | See Part V | See Part V | No | $16,050 |
| Liability | Amount |
|---|---|
| L&i Retro Program | $1,097,716 |
| State/local Taxes Payable | $15,513 |
| Other Liabilities | $4,207 |
“Thong le and minh le have a family relationship.”
“The organization's vice president of administration works closely with the outside accounting firm engaged to prepare the return. A draft of the form 990 is also reviewed by the consulting controller and vice president of administration prior to providing the final draft to the president. The executive committee has delegated the final review of the form 990 to the president. Subsequent to final review, the president reports back to the executive committee regarding its oversight of the form 990 and the final draft is provided to the treasurer before the return is filed.”
“1. All compensation is reviewed and approved by the organization's executive committee or the compensation committee, provided that any person with a conflict of interest regarding compensation issues is not involved in the review and approval process. 2. The compensation is reviewed and approved using the american society of association executives salary survey as to comparable compensation for similarly qualified persons, in functionally comparable positions, for similar organizations. 3. Minutes of compensation meetings are kept and there is contemporaneous documentation and recordkeeping with respect to deliberations and decisions regarding compensation.”
“The organization's governing documents and financial statements are available upon request.”
“Volunteers include members of the board of directors, executive committee, programs committee, government affairs committee, purchasing partner committee, audit committee and life science innovation northwest committee as well as onsite volunteers to set up and assist during actual events.”
This appendix keeps the raw XML leaves available for debugging and edge-case review. The human report above is the primary experience.
| Path | # | Value |
|---|---|---|
| IRS990/AccountantCompileOrReviewInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/AccountsPayableAccrExpnssGrp/BOYAmt | 0 | 132689 |
| IRS990/AccountsPayableAccrExpnssGrp/EOYAmt | 0 | 170309 |
| IRS990/AccountsReceivableGrp/BOYAmt | 0 | 709942 |
| IRS990/AccountsReceivableGrp/EOYAmt | 0 | 741325 |
| IRS990/AcctCompileOrReviewBasisGrp/SeparateBasisFinclStmtInd | 0 | X |
| IRS990/ActivitiesConductedPrtshpInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ActivityOrMissionDesc | 0 | WASHINGTON BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOMEDICAL ASSOCIATION IS A NON-PROFIT TRADE AND PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATION DEDICATED TO PROMOTING INNOVATION AND RESPONSIBLE GROWTH IN THE BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOMEDICAL INDUSTRIES IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. |
| IRS990/AdvertisingGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 7424 |
| IRS990/AllOtherExpensesGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 11538 |
| IRS990/AuditCommitteeInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/BackupWthldComplianceInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/BusinessName/BusinessNameLine1 | 0 | KATHLEEN POSTON |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/PhoneNum | 0 | 2064569567 |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/AddressLine1 | 0 | 1551 EASTLAKE AVE E SUITE 300 |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/City | 0 | SEATTLE |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/State | 0 | WA |
| IRS990/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/ZIPCode | 0 | 98102 |
| IRS990/BusinessRlnWithFamMemInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/BusinessRlnWithOfficerEntInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/BusinessRlnWithOrgMemInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CapStkTrPrinCurrentFundsGrp/BOYAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CapStkTrPrinCurrentFundsGrp/EOYAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CashNonInterestBearingGrp/BOYAmt | 0 | 181432 |
| IRS990/CashNonInterestBearingGrp/EOYAmt | 0 | 236836 |
| IRS990/ChangeToOrgDocumentsInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CntrctRcvdGreaterThan100KCnt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CollectionsOfArtInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CompCurrentOfcrDirectorsGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 303878 |
| IRS990/CompensationFromOtherSrcsInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CompensationProcessCEOInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/CompensationProcessOtherInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ConferencesMeetingsGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 7051 |
| IRS990/ConflictOfInterestPolicyInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ConservationEasementsInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ConsolidatedAuditFinclStmtInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CreditCounselingInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYBenefitsPaidToMembersAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYContributionsGrantsAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYInvestmentIncomeAmt | 0 | 2019 |
| IRS990/CYOtherExpensesAmt | 0 | 961782 |
| IRS990/CYOtherRevenueAmt | 0 | 564516 |
| IRS990/CYProgramServiceRevenueAmt | 0 | 1702121 |
| IRS990/CYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt | 0 | 208335 |
| IRS990/CYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt | 0 | 1098539 |
| IRS990/CYTotalExpensesAmt | 0 | 2060321 |
| IRS990/CYTotalFundraisingExpenseAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYTotalProfFndrsngExpnsAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/CYTotalRevenueAmt | 0 | 2268656 |
| IRS990/DecisionsSubjectToApprovaInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DeductibleArtContributionInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DeductibleNonCashContriInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DeferredRevenueGrp/BOYAmt | 0 | 861327 |
| IRS990/DeferredRevenueGrp/EOYAmt | 0 | 957292 |
| IRS990/DelegationOfMgmtDutiesInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DepreciationDepletionGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 4982 |
| IRS990/Desc | 0 | THE WASHINGTON BIOTECHNOLOGY & BIOMEDICAL ASSOCIATION HOSTS ANNUAL MEETINGS FOR BOTH MEMBERS AND NON-MEMBERS IN FIELDS RELATED TO LIFE SCIENCES. THE ASSOCIATION PROMOTES CONTINUAL GROWTH BY HOSTING NETWORKING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT EVENTS. |
| IRS990/DescribedInSection501c3Ind | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DisregardedEntityInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/DocumentRetentionPolicyInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/DonorAdvisedFundInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ElectionOfBoardMembersInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/EmployeeCnt | 0 | 13 |
| IRS990/EmploymentTaxReturnsFiledInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/FamilyOrBusinessRlnInd | 0 | 1 |
| IRS990/FederalGrantAuditRequiredInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/FeesForServicesAccountingGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 34517 |
| IRS990/FeesForServicesLobbyingGrp/TotalAmt | 0 | 86176 |
| IRS990/ForeignActivitiesInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ForeignFinancialAccountInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/ForeignOfficeInd | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 0 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 1 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 2 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 3 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 4 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 5 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 6 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 7 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 8 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 9 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 10 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 11 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 12 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 13 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 14 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 15 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 16 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 17 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 18 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 19 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 20 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 21 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 22 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 23 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 24 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 25 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 26 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 27 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 28 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 29 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 30 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 31 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 32 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 33 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 34 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 35 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 36 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 37 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 38 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 39 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 40 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 41 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 42 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 43 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 44 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 45 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 46 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 47 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 48 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 49 | 1.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/AverageHoursPerWeekRt | 50 | 60.00 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 0 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 1 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 2 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 3 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 4 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 5 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 6 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 7 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 8 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 9 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 10 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 11 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 12 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 13 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 14 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 15 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 16 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 17 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 18 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 19 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 20 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 21 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 22 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 23 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 24 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 25 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 26 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 27 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 28 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 29 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 30 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 31 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 32 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 33 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 34 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 35 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 36 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 37 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 38 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 39 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 40 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 41 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 42 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 43 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 44 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 45 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 46 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 47 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 48 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/IndividualTrusteeOrDirectorInd | 49 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OfficerInd | 0 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OfficerInd | 1 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OfficerInd | 2 | X |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 1 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 2 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 3 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 4 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 5 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 6 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 7 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 8 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 9 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 10 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 11 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 12 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 13 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 14 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 15 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 16 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 17 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 18 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 19 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 20 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 21 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 22 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 23 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 24 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 25 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 26 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 27 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 28 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 29 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 30 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 31 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 32 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 33 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 34 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 35 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 36 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 37 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 38 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 39 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 40 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 41 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 42 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 43 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 44 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 45 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 46 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 47 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 48 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 49 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/OtherCompensationAmt | 50 | 16098 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 0 | THONG Q LE |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 1 | MARGARET MCCORMICK |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 2 | THOMAS CLEMENT |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 3 | STEPHEN M GRAHAM |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 4 | ERIK NILSSON |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 5 | GREGORY SESSLER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 6 | MARTIN SIMONETTI |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 7 | TODD SIMPSON |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 8 | TERRENCE J SWEENEY |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 9 | JOHN WECKER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 10 | KEVIN BALDWIN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 11 | CHARLES V BALTIC III |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 12 | NORMAN J BEAUCHAMP JR |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 13 | BILL BRADY |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 14 | MICHELLE BURRIS |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 15 | CATHRYN CAMPBELL |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 16 | MICHAEL CHANSLER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 17 | LISA COHEN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 18 | JOHN COX |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 19 | HELGA DING |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 20 | SONYA F ERICKSON |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 21 | DON FOSTER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 22 | TOM FRITZ |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 23 | JAMES GORE |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 24 | BRAD GRAY |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 25 | DOUG R HANSMANN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 26 | JAMES B HENDRICKS |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 27 | MICHAEL HUTCHINGS |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 28 | JIM KARKANIAS |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 29 | JAMES KATZAROFF |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 30 | COLLEEN KERR |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 31 | HOMER LANE |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 32 | MINH LE |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 33 | JIM LISBAKKEN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 34 | GUSTAVO MAHLER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 35 | TIM MARTIN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 36 | DONNA MORGAN-MURRAY |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 37 | ULRICH MUELLER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 38 | ROBERT W OVERELL |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 39 | H STEWART PARKER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 40 | DAVID POSTON |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 41 | JENS U QUISTGAARD |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 42 | RANDY SCHATZMAN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 43 | LISA G SHAFFER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 44 | KATHLEEN K SMITH |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 45 | DAVID STAFFORD |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 46 | KEN STUART |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 47 | RONALD THOMAS |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 48 | WAYNE WAGER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 49 | CARL WEISSMAN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/PersonNm | 50 | CHRISTOPHER E RIVERA |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 1 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 2 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 3 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 4 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 5 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 6 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 7 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 8 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 9 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 10 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 11 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 12 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 13 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 14 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 15 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 16 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 17 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 18 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 19 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 20 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 21 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 22 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 23 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 24 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 25 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 26 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 27 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 28 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 29 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 30 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 31 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 32 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 33 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 34 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 35 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 36 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 37 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 38 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 39 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 40 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 41 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 42 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 43 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 44 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 45 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 46 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 47 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 48 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 49 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromOrgAmt | 50 | 287780 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 0 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 1 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 2 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 3 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 4 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 5 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 6 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 7 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 8 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 9 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 10 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 11 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 12 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 13 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 14 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 15 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 16 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 17 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 18 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 19 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 20 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 21 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 22 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 23 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 24 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 25 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 26 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 27 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 28 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 29 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 30 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 31 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 32 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 33 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 34 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 35 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 36 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 37 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 38 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 39 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 40 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 41 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 42 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 43 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 44 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 45 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 46 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 47 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 48 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 49 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/ReportableCompFromRltdOrgAmt | 50 | 0 |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 0 | CHAIRMAN |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 1 | TREASURER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 2 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 3 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 4 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 5 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 6 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 7 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 8 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 9 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 10 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 11 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 12 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 13 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 14 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 15 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 16 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 17 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 18 | BOARD MEMBER |
| IRS990/Form990PartVIISectionAGrp/TitleTxt | 19 | BOARD MEMBER |
No mirrored PDF or thumbnail assets are attached yet.
Displayed year
2013 • Form 990Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.
Similar nonprofits based on the same Siviq industry and scale cohort. 2013 filings • 501(c)6 • $1M-$5M nonprofits
East Providence, RI
View Organization501(c)6
Revenue vs current organization
40% lowerAssets vs current organization
About the sameSan Jose, San Jose
View Organization501(c)6
Revenue vs current organization
26% higherAssets vs current organization
22% lowerLocation unavailable
View Organization501(c)6
Revenue vs current organization
22% higherAssets vs current organization
25% lowerAlexandria, VA
View Organization501(c)6
Revenue vs current organization
No dataAssets vs current organization
73% lower