Civic Intelligence

Pseads

EIN 47-2416189 • 501(c)3 • San Anselmo, CA

Profile

Education- we design and implement programs and projects cultivating critical literacies, writing, science, service learning and social justice. We work with students in k-college, and with educators and adults.

PO Box 612San Anselmo, CA 94979

www.pseads.org

Siviq Scores

Precomputed percentiles relative to similar nonprofits. These scores are descriptive rather than judgmental.

Liabilities / Assets

Score unavailable

No value available

Liabilities-to-assets requires both liabilities and assets on the latest valid filing.

Source year 2024

Liabilities / Revenue

Score unavailable

No value available

Liabilities-to-revenue requires both liabilities and revenue on the latest valid filing.

Source year 2024

Net Margin

12th percentile

-68%

Higher net margin than 12% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • <$500k nonprofits • Source year 2024

Top Officer Pay

99th percentile

$70,000

Higher top officer pay than 99% of similar nonprofits.

Top officer pay equals 39.1% of source-year revenue.

501(c)3 • <$500k nonprofits • Source year 2024

Asset Growth

23rd percentile

-33%

Faster asset growth than 23% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • <$500k nonprofits • Annualized from 2023 to 2024

Revenue Growth

18th percentile

-47%

Faster revenue growth than 18% of similar nonprofits.

501(c)3 • <$500k nonprofits • Annualized from 2023 to 2024

Balance Sheet
Liabilities / AssetsScore unavailable

Assets

Down

$173,516

Down $86,089 (-33%) from 2023

Liabilities

-

No earlier filing loaded for comparison.

Net Assets

Down

$173,516

Down $86,089 (-33%) from 2023

Operations
Liabilities / RevenueScore unavailableNet Margin12th percentile

Revenue

Down

$179,113

Down $159,193 (-47%) from 2023

Expenses

Up

$300,623

Up $113,201 (+60%) from 2023

Net Income

Down

-$121,510

Down $272,394 (-181%) from 2023

Trend Graphs

Balance Sheet Trend

Asset Growth23rd percentile

Grouped bars show assets, liabilities, and net assets across loaded filings.

$300K$200K$100K$0Assets 2018: $12,550Liabilities 2018: $02018Assets 2019: $41,062Liabilities 2019: $02019Assets 2020: $44,280Liabilities 2020: $02020Assets 2021: $69,109Liabilities 2021: $0Net Assets 2021: $69,1092021Assets 2022: $109,672Liabilities 2022: $0Net Assets 2022: $109,6722022Assets 2023: $259,605Liabilities 2023: $0Net Assets 2023: $259,6052023Assets 2024: $173,516Net Assets 2024: $173,5162024

Highlighted filing

2024

Assets$173,516
Liabilities-
Net Assets$173,516
Open 2024 Filing

Operations Trend

Revenue Growth18th percentile

Revenue, expenses, and net income by year, with the latest filing highlighted.

$400K$200K$0-$200KRevenue 2018: $89,200Expenses 2018: $83,832Net Income 2018: $5,3682018Revenue 2019: $96,526Expenses 2019: $68,014Net Income 2019: $28,5122019Revenue 2020: $99,643Expenses 2020: $82,049Net Income 2020: $17,5942020Revenue 2021: $133,393Expenses 2021: $108,564Net Income 2021: $24,8292021Revenue 2022: $227,446Expenses 2022: $186,883Net Income 2022: $40,5632022Revenue 2023: $338,306Expenses 2023: $187,422Net Income 2023: $150,8842023Revenue 2024: $179,113Expenses 2024: $300,623Net Income 2024: -$121,5102024

Highlighted filing

2024

Revenue$179,113
Expenses$300,623
Net Income-$121,510
Open 2024 Filing

Filings

Most recent year

2024 • Form 990EZDetailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.

Open filing
Assets
$173,516
Liabilities
-
Net assets
$173,516
Revenue
$179,113
Expenses
$300,623
Net income
-$121,510
Balance SheetOperations
YearAssetsLiabilitiesNet AssetsRevenueExpensesNet Income
2024Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$1.74$1.74$1.79$3.01$1.22
2023Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$2.60$0.00$2.60$3.38$1.87$1.51
2022Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$1.10$0.00$1.10$2.27$1.87$0.41
2021Detailed filing. Detailed filing data is available for this year.$0.69$0.00$0.69$1.33$1.09$0.25
2020Summary only. Only limited summary data is available for this year.$0.44$0.00$1.00$0.82$0.18
2019Summary only. Only limited summary data is available for this year.$0.41$0.00$0.97$0.68$0.29
2018Summary only. Only limited summary data is available for this year.$0.13$0.00$0.89$0.84$0.05
Latest Filing Detail
Jump To
Filing Snapshot
Filing Period
Sep 1, 2023 to Aug 31, 2024
Signed
Jun 26, 2025
Return Version
2023v6.0
Gross Receipts
$179,113
Mission and Program Overview

Mission

Education - critical literacies, science, service learning, and social justice

Education- we design and implement programs and projects cultivating critical literacies, writing, science, service learning and social justice. We work with students in k-college, and with educators and adults.

Program Services

DescriptionGrantsExpenses
Launched Year Three of Hope on the Rize, a writing and media-creation initiative for students in grades 5-college that integrates creativity, technical skill-building, emotional well-being, and personal growth. This program equips students with practical, transferable skills that align with educational goals and career readiness, including resilience and creative problem-solving.Year Three included over 1,100 students from five Bay Area school districts, and resulted in 957 original student films. In collaboration with global tree planting initiatives, and inspired by the legacy of Pseads mentors Dedan Gills and Belvie Rooks, Pseads planted a tree for every film completed and formed a council of mentors to celebrate student achievement and youth voices. Blue Skies, Bright Star Poetry & Science ProgramDesigned and implemented the ninth year of the Pseads Blue Skies, Bright Star Poetry & Science Program, in collaboration with classroom teachers. This program provides a 6- or 8-week learning experience for students in Grades 2-5 that integrates the humanizing power of reflective writing and poetry with the joy and acuity of science to explore curiosity, creativity, storytelling, and confidence for expression and collaboration. The program included over 1,000 students across six Bay Area school districts. It helped set new benchmarks for equity, achievement, asset-based learning, art-science integration, and community building. Students struggling with school engagement and literacy have found unexpected success in this program, which seeks to celebrate the unique expressions and talents of every learner. Pseads served as educational designers and consultants for Children for Change, a Bay Area nonprofit and service-learning initiative for students in Grades K-8. Over the last six years, Pseads staff provided original curriculum design program development, and in-school instruction and facilitation, helping the organization grow from a student-led club into an integrated in-school elective and program. Children for Change aims to prepare young students and their families to engage with critical issues in their local communities through partnerships and volunteer opportunities with 30+ nonprofits and local leaders.-$265,425
Compensation and Service Providers
Top Officer Pay99th percentile

Employees

NameTitleFull / Part TimeBaseOtherTotal
Elizabeth MillerCOOFT$70,000-$70,000
Matthew DavisCEOFT$17,500-$17,500
Rudyard Steve Uzzell IIITreasurer-$0--
Paul GermeraadDirector-$0--
Chris FongDirector-$0--
William WoodsDirector-$0--
Richard MeyerDirector-$0--
Filing and Contact Details

Filer

Filer Name
Pseads
EIN
47-2416189
Phone
4155151316
Address
PO Box 612, San Anselmo, CA 94979

Signing Officer

Name
Elizabeth Miller
Title
Secretary
Signed
2025-06-26
Discuss with paid preparer
Yes

Preparer

Firm
Goranson Tax and Consulting Inc
Address
403 Chinn Street, Santa Rosa, CA 95404
Preparer
Blake Gunter
Phone
7075421256
Supplemental Narrative

Additional Explanations

Other Expenses.1001

“Advertising and Promotion $564”

Other Expenses.1002

“Office Expenses $5197”

Other Expenses.1003

“Information Technology $2320”

Other Expenses.1012

“Insurance $2101”

Other Expenses.1

“Fundraising $5208”

Other Expenses.2

“Payroll Fees $1420”

Other Expenses.3

“supplies $1233”

Other Expenses.4

“Promotion Meals $1063”

Other Expenses.5

“Miscellaneous $752”

Raw XML Appendix172 raw XML fields

This appendix keeps the raw XML leaves available for debugging and edge-case review. The human report above is the primary experience.

Path#Value
IRS990EZ/ActivitiesNotPreviouslyRptInd0false
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/PersonNm0Elizabeth M Miller
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/PhoneNum04155151316
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/AddressLine1Txt0PO Box 612
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/CityNm0San Anselmo
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/StateAbbreviationCd0CA
IRS990EZ/BooksInCareOfDetail/USAddress/ZIPCd094979
IRS990EZ/CashSavingsAndInvestmentsGrp/BOYAmt0259605
IRS990EZ/CashSavingsAndInvestmentsGrp/EOYAmt0173516
IRS990EZ/ChgMadeToOrgnzngDocNotRptInd0false
IRS990EZ/ContributionsGiftsGrantsEtcAmt0126972
IRS990EZ/CostOfGoodsSoldAmt00
IRS990EZ/CostOrOtherBasisExpenseSaleAmt00
IRS990EZ/DonorAdvisedFndsInd0false
IRS990EZ/EngagedInExcessBenefitTransInd0false
IRS990EZ/ExcessOrDeficitForYearAmt0-121510
IRS990EZ/FeesAndOtherPymtToIndCntrctAmt045934
IRS990EZ/FiledScheduleAInd0true
IRS990EZ/ForeignFinancialAccountInd0false
IRS990EZ/ForeignOfficeInd0false
IRS990EZ/Form1120PolFiledInd0false
IRS990EZ/Form990TotalAssetsGrp/BOYAmt0259605
IRS990EZ/Form990TotalAssetsGrp/EOYAmt0173516
IRS990EZ/FundraisingGrossIncomeAmt00
IRS990EZ/GrossReceiptsAmt0179113
IRS990EZ/InfoInScheduleOPartIInd0X
IRS990EZ/InvestmentIncomeAmt01
IRS990EZ/LobbyingActivitiesInd0false
IRS990EZ/MadeLoansToFromOfficersInd0false
IRS990EZ/MethodOfAccountingAccrualInd0X
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesBOYAmt0259605
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesEOYAmt0173516
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesGrp/BOYAmt0259605
IRS990EZ/NetAssetsOrFundBalancesGrp/EOYAmt0173516
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt00.50
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt10.25
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt20.25
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt30.25
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt40.25
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt540.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/AverageHrsPerWkDevotedToPosRt640.00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt00
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt10
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt20
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt30
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt40
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt517500
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/CompensationAmt670000
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm0Rudyard Steve Uzzell III
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm1Paul Germeraad
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm2Chris Fong
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm3William Woods
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm4Richard Meyer
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm5Matthew Davis
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/PersonNm6Elizabeth Miller
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt0Treasurer
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt1Director
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt2Director
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt3Director
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt4Director
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt5CEO
IRS990EZ/OfficerDirectorTrusteeEmplGrp/TitleTxt6COO
IRS990EZ/OperateHospitalInd0false
IRS990EZ/Organization501c3Ind0X
IRS990EZ/OrganizationDissolvedEtcInd0false
IRS990EZ/OrganizationHadUBIInd0false
IRS990EZ/OtherChangesInNetAssetsAmt035421
IRS990EZ/OtherExpensesTotalAmt019858
IRS990EZ/PartVIHghstPdCntrctProfSrvcTxt0NONE
IRS990EZ/PartVIOfCompOfHghstPdEmplTxt0NONE
IRS990EZ/PoliticalCampaignActyInd0false
IRS990EZ/PrimaryExemptPurposeTxt0Education- we design and implement programs and projects cultivating critical literacies, writing, science, service learning and social justice. We work with students in k-college, and with educators and adults.
IRS990EZ/ProgramServiceRevenueAmt052140
IRS990EZ/ProgramSrvcAccomplishmentGrp/DescriptionProgramSrvcAccomTxt0Launched Year Three of Hope on the Rize, a writing and media-creation initiative for students in grades 5-college that integrates creativity, technical skill-building, emotional well-being, and personal growth. This program equips students with practical, transferable skills that align with educational goals and career readiness, including resilience and creative problem-solving.Year Three included over 1,100 students from five Bay Area school districts, and resulted in 957 original student films. In collaboration with global tree planting initiatives, and inspired by the legacy of Pseads mentors Dedan Gills and Belvie Rooks, Pseads planted a tree for every film completed and formed a council of mentors to celebrate student achievement and youth voices. Blue Skies, Bright Star Poetry & Science ProgramDesigned and implemented the ninth year of the Pseads Blue Skies, Bright Star Poetry & Science Program, in collaboration with classroom teachers. This program provides a 6- or 8-week learning experience for students in Grades 2-5 that integrates the humanizing power of reflective writing and poetry with the joy and acuity of science to explore curiosity, creativity, storytelling, and confidence for expression and collaboration. The program included over 1,000 students across six Bay Area school districts. It helped set new benchmarks for equity, achievement, asset-based learning, art-science integration, and community building. Students struggling with school engagement and literacy have found unexpected success in this program, which seeks to celebrate the unique expressions and talents of every learner. Pseads served as educational designers and consultants for Children for Change, a Bay Area nonprofit and service-learning initiative for students in Grades K-8. Over the last six years, Pseads staff provided original curriculum design program development, and in-school instruction and facilitation, helping the organization grow from a student-led club into an integrated in-school elective and program. Children for Change aims to prepare young students and their families to engage with critical issues in their local communities through partnerships and volunteer opportunities with 30+ nonprofits and local leaders.
IRS990EZ/ProgramSrvcAccomplishmentGrp/ProgramServiceExpensesAmt0265425
IRS990EZ/ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd0false
IRS990EZ/RelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd0false
IRS990EZ/SalariesOtherCompEmplBnftAmt0234831
IRS990EZ/SchoolOperatingInd0false
IRS990EZ/SpecialEventsDirectExpensesAmt00
IRS990EZ/SubjectToProxyTaxInd0false
IRS990EZ/TanningServicesProvidedInd0false
IRS990EZ/TaxImposedOnOrganizationMgrAmt00
IRS990EZ/TaxImposedUnderIRC4911Amt00
IRS990EZ/TaxImposedUnderIRC4912Amt00
IRS990EZ/TaxImposedUnderIRC4955Amt00
IRS990EZ/TaxReimbursedByOrganizationAmt00
IRS990EZ/TotalExpensesAmt0300623
IRS990EZ/TotalProgramServiceExpensesAmt0265425
IRS990EZ/TotalRevenueAmt0179113
IRS990EZ/TransactionWithControlEntInd0false
IRS990EZ/TrnsfrExmptNonChrtblRltdOrgInd0false
IRS990EZ/TypeOfOrganizationCorpInd0X
IRS990EZ/WebsiteAddressTxt0www.pseads.org
IRS990ScheduleA/AmountsRcvdDsqlfyPersonGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/First5Years509Ind0X
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContrisRcvd509Grp/CurrentTaxYearAmt0126972
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContrisRcvd509Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt0142566
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContrisRcvd509Grp/TotalAmt0269538
IRS990ScheduleA/GovtFurnSrvcFcltsVl509Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome509Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsAdmissionsGrp/CurrentTaxYearAmt052140
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsAdmissionsGrp/TotalAmt052140
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossReceiptsNonUnrltBusGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeCYPct00.00000
IRS990ScheduleA/NetIncomeFromOtherUBIGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome509Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/Post1975UBTIGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/PubliclySupportedOrg509a2Ind0X
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportCY509Pct00.00000
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportTotal509Amt0321678
IRS990ScheduleA/SubstantialContributorsAmtGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/TaxRevLeviedOrgnztnlBnft509Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509Grp/CurrentTaxYearAmt0179112
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt0142566
IRS990ScheduleA/Total509Grp/TotalAmt0321678
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportCalendarYearGrp/CurrentTaxYearAmt0179112
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportCalendarYearGrp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt0142566
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportCalendarYearGrp/TotalAmt0321678
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorBusinessName/BusinessNameLine10RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorNum0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/AddressLine10RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/AddressLine20RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/City0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/State0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/ZIPCode0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/TotalContributionsAmt0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt0Advertising and Promotion $564
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt1Office Expenses $5197
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt2Information Technology $2320
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt3Insurance $2101
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt4Fundraising $5208
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt5Payroll Fees $1420
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt6supplies $1233
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt7Promotion Meals $1063
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt8Miscellaneous $752
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc0Other Expenses.1001
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc1Other Expenses.1002
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc2Other Expenses.1003
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc3Other Expenses.1012
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc4Other Expenses.1
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc5Other Expenses.2
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc6Other Expenses.3
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc7Other Expenses.4
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc8Other Expenses.5
ReturnHeader/BuildTS02025-03-06 01:10:19Z
ReturnHeader/BusinessOfficerGrp/DiscussWithPaidPreparerInd0true
ReturnHeader/BusinessOfficerGrp/PersonNm0Elizabeth Miller
ReturnHeader/BusinessOfficerGrp/PersonTitleTxt0Secretary
ReturnHeader/BusinessOfficerGrp/SignatureDt02025-06-26
ReturnHeader/Filer/BusinessName/BusinessNameLine1Txt0Pseads
ReturnHeader/Filer/BusinessNameControlTxt0PSEA
ReturnHeader/Filer/EIN0472416189
ReturnHeader/Filer/PhoneNum04155151316
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/AddressLine1Txt0PO Box 612
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/CityNm0San Anselmo
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/StateAbbreviationCd0CA
ReturnHeader/Filer/USAddress/ZIPCd094979
ReturnHeader/IRSResponsiblePrtyInfoCurrInd0true
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerFirmEIN0873976308
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerFirmName/BusinessNameLine1Txt0Goranson Tax and Consulting Inc
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerUSAddress/AddressLine1Txt0403 Chinn Street
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerUSAddress/CityNm0Santa Rosa
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerUSAddress/StateAbbreviationCd0CA
ReturnHeader/PreparerFirmGrp/PreparerUSAddress/ZIPCd095404
ReturnHeader/PreparerPersonGrp/PhoneNum07075421256
ReturnHeader/PreparerPersonGrp/PreparerPersonNm0Blake Gunter
ReturnHeader/ReturnTs02025-06-26T13:26:10-07:00
ReturnHeader/ReturnTypeCd0990EZ
ReturnHeader/TaxPeriodBeginDt02023-09-01
ReturnHeader/TaxPeriodEndDt02024-08-31
ReturnHeader/TaxYr02023

Document Assets

No mirrored PDF or thumbnail assets are attached yet.