Civic Intelligence

The Center for Election Science

990 • Fiscal year 2020 • EIN 45-2334002

Jan 01, 2020 to Dec 31, 2020 • Filed on Apr 04, 2021

340 S Lemon AveWalnut, CA 91789

(202) 760-7051

Siviq Scores

Precomputed percentiles for this filing year versus similar nonprofits in the same peer cohort.

Liabilities / Assets

35th percentile

0.03x

Higher debt load relative to assets than 35% of similar nonprofits.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Source year 2020

Liabilities / Revenue

36th percentile

0.06x

Higher debt load relative to revenue than 36% of similar nonprofits.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Source year 2020

Net Margin

10th percentile

-35%

Higher net margin than 10% of similar nonprofits.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Source year 2020

Top Officer Pay

79th percentile

$129,866

Higher top officer pay than 79% of similar nonprofits.

Top officer pay equals 18.3% of source-year revenue.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Source year 2020

Asset Growth

6th percentile

-15%

Faster asset growth than 6% of similar nonprofits.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Annualized from 2019 to 2020

Revenue Growth

5th percentile

-63%

Faster revenue growth than 5% of similar nonprofits.

2020 filings • 501(c)3 • $1M-$5M nonprofits • Annualized from 2019 to 2020

Assets

Down

$1,462,159

Down $250,445 (-15%) from 2019

Net Assets

Down

$1,416,407

Down $248,595 (-15%) from 2019

Liabilities

Down

$45,752

Down $1,850 (-3.9%) from 2019

Revenue

Down

$710,760

Down $1,233,050 (-63%) from 2019

Expenses

Up

$959,354

Up $292,662 (+44%) from 2019

Net Income

Down

-$248,594

Down $1,525,712 (-119%) from 2019

Historical Trend

Balance Sheet Trend

The highlighted filing sits inside the broader history for assets, liabilities, and net assets.

$3.0M$2.0M$1.0M$0Assets 2014: $7,978Liabilities 2014: $0Net Assets 2014: $7,9782014Assets 2015: $12,364Liabilities 2015: $3,275Net Assets 2015: $9,0892015Assets 2016: $4,971Liabilities 2016: $02016Assets 2017: $612,595Liabilities 2017: $8,836Net Assets 2017: $603,7592017Assets 2018: $397,413Liabilities 2018: $33,876Net Assets 2018: $363,5372018Assets 2019: $1,712,604Liabilities 2019: $47,602Net Assets 2019: $1,665,0022019Assets 2020: $1,462,159Liabilities 2020: $45,752Net Assets 2020: $1,416,4072020Assets 2021: $1,212,895Liabilities 2021: $85,357Net Assets 2021: $1,127,5382021Assets 2022: $2,742,729Liabilities 2022: $96,043Net Assets 2022: $2,646,6862022Assets 2023: $2,273,504Liabilities 2023: $99,675Net Assets 2023: $2,173,8292023Assets 2024: $1,670,355Liabilities 2024: $55,306Net Assets 2024: $1,615,0492024

Highlighted filing

2020

Assets$1,462,159
Liabilities$45,752
Net Assets$1,416,407

Operations Trend

Revenue, expenses, and net income across loaded years, with this filing highlighted.

$3.0M$2.0M$1.0M$0-$1.0MRevenue 2014: $18,189Expenses 2014: $15,809Net Income 2014: $2,3802014Revenue 2015: $26,383Expenses 2015: $25,272Net Income 2015: $1,1112015Revenue 2016: $50,648Expenses 2016: $45,677Net Income 2016: $4,9712016Revenue 2017: $648,641Expenses 2017: $49,853Net Income 2017: $598,7882017Revenue 2018: $253,272Expenses 2018: $471,407Net Income 2018: -$218,1352018Revenue 2019: $1,943,810Expenses 2019: $666,692Net Income 2019: $1,277,1182019Revenue 2020: $710,760Expenses 2020: $959,354Net Income 2020: -$248,5942020Revenue 2021: $964,995Expenses 2021: $1,253,864Net Income 2021: -$288,8692021Revenue 2022: $2,984,271Expenses 2022: $1,465,123Net Income 2022: $1,519,1482022Revenue 2023: $1,115,846Expenses 2023: $1,588,703Net Income 2023: -$472,8572023Revenue 2024: $631,856Expenses 2024: $1,190,636Net Income 2024: -$558,7802024

Highlighted filing

2020

Revenue$710,760
Expenses$959,354
Net Income-$248,594
Jump To
Filing Snapshot
Filing Period
Jan 1, 2020 to Dec 31, 2020
Signed
Apr 4, 2021
Return Version
2020v4.1
Gross Receipts
$710,760
Mission and Program Overview

Mission

The organization empowers people with voting methods that strengthen democracy.

To empower people with voting methods that strengthen democracy.

Balance Sheet Detail
LineBeginningEndChange
Assets
Savings and Temporary Cash Investments$1,577,524$1,038,314▼ $539,210
Accounts Receivable-$348,652-
Cash and Non-Interest-Bearing Accounts$135,080$75,193▼ $59,887
Total Assets$1,712,604$1,462,159▼ $250,445
Liabilities
Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses$47,602$45,752▼ $1,850
Total Liabilities$47,602$45,752▼ $1,850
Net Assets / Fund Balance
Net Assets Without Donor Restrictions$1,665,002$1,416,407▼ $248,595
Total Net Assets Fund Balance$1,665,002$1,416,407▼ $248,595
Total Liabilities and Net Assets / Fund Balance$1,712,604$1,462,159▼ $250,445
Compensation and Service Providers

Employees

NameTitleFull / Part TimeBaseOtherTotal
Aaron HamlinExecutive DirectorFT$124,616$5,250$129,866

Board Members and Trustees

NameTitle
Felix SargentBoard Chair
Michael RuvinskyVice Chair
Hilary KraseDirector
Jon RobertsDirector
Sara PonzioDirector
Jeff JusticeSecretary
Kerry Keys CPATreasurer
Revenue and Support

Revenue Composition

Contributions and Grants
$701,263
Program Service Revenue
$181
Investment Income
$9,199
Other Revenue
$117
All Other Contributions
$651,022
Change in Net Assets
$-248,594
Expenses and Functional Allocation

Major Expense Lines

Line ItemAmount
Salaries, Compensation, and Employee Benefits$379,101
Other Expenses$333,857
Total Fundraising Expense$246,913
Professional Fundraising Fees$126,366
Grants and Similar Amounts Paid$120,030

Functional Expense Allocation

Line ItemProgramManagementFundraisingTotal
Fees for Services Other$181,883$0$977$182,860
Other Salaries and Wages$71,133$31,298$39,834$142,265
Fees for Services Professional Fundraising--$126,366$126,366
Current Officers, Directors, Trustees, and Key Employees$62,308$27,416$34,892$124,616
Grants to Domestic Orgs$120,030--$120,030
Advertising$86,797$151$2,642$89,590
Other Employee Benefits$43,582$19,176$24,406$87,164
Payroll Taxes$12,528$5,512$7,016$25,056
All Other Expenses$4,466$10,221$10,156$24,843
Travel$7,462$802$0$8,264
Insurance$173$5,603$0$5,776
Fees for Services Accounting$0$5,761$0$5,761
Other Expenses$0$5,459$0$5,459
Occupancy$0$5,313$0$5,313
Total Functional Expenses$590,786$121,655$246,913$959,354
International Activity

Grant and Assistance Recipients

RecipientLocationCategoryPurposeAmount
STL ApprovesSaint Louis, MO-Educational$120,030
Fundraising, Events, and Gaming
Fundraising activities
No
Gaming activities
No
Professional fundraiser used
Yes

Fundraising and Gaming Totals

Line ItemAmount
Professional Fundraising Fees$126,366
Political and Lobbying Activity
Political campaign activity
No
Lobbying activity
Yes
Subject to proxy tax
No
Governance and Compliance

Governance Checklist

Compiled or reviewed by an accountant
No
Annual disclosure for covered persons
Yes
Business relationship with 35% controlled entity
No
Business relationship with family members
No
Business relationship with organization members
No
Material changes to governing documents
Yes
Compensation from other sources disclosed
No
CEO compensation reviewed
Yes
Other officer compensation reviewed
No
Conflict-of-interest policy
Yes
Audited financial statements prepared
No
Key decisions subject to board approval
No
Management duties delegated
No
Filing and Contact Details

Filer

Filer Name
The Center for Election Science
EIN
45-2334002
Phone
2027607051
Address
340 S Lemon Ave, Walnut, CA 91789

Signing Officer

Name
Aaron Hamlin
Title
Executive Director
Phone
2027607051
Signed
2021-04-04
Discuss with paid preparer
Yes

Organization Details

Principal Officer
Aaron Hamlin
Formed
2011
Legal Domicile
CA
Voting Board Members
7
Independent Board Members
7
Employees
4
Volunteers
20

Preparer

Firm
RB Miller Consulting LLC
Address
14 Cedar Chase Court, Chestertown, MD 21620
Preparer
Robert Miller CPA
Phone
2404751512
Supplemental Narrative

Additional Explanations

Pt VI, Line 11B

The Board reviews the 990 before submission

Pt VI, Line 12C

There is a Board governance committee to oversee conflict of interest policy

Pt VI, Line 15A

The Board reviews compensation for the Executive Director

Pt VI, Line 19

Bylaws and financial statements are published on the website

Pt VI, Line 4

Governance policies have been updated in 2018.

Form 990, Part IX, Line 11G

7510-Fundraising Fees 977. 977.

Form 990, Part IX, Line 11G

7570-Professional Service Fees-Other 86295. 86295.

Form 990, Part IX, Line 11G

7550-Polling Expenses 38800. 38800.

Form 990, Part IX, Line 11G

7580-Temporary Contract 21600. 21600.

Form 990, Part IX, Line 11G

7590-Voter Education Campaign 35188. 35188.

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IRS990/Desc0Research: In March 2020, CES conducted a nationwide poll of the early Democratic primary race to examine how polling results look under various alternative voting methods. This poll provided an educational opportunity for the public to better understand how alternative voting methods work and how those methods can improve elections. CES also compared multiple voting methods after the November 2020 election.
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IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActy2Grp/Desc0Public Outreach: In 2020, CES expanded public outreach on voting methods. Because of COVID, CES focused outreach efforts on virtual events. CES hosted 36 virtual events that included chapter meetings, technical voting method discussions, skills-building workshops, and voter education events. CES collaborated with the USC Schwarzenegger Institute, Open Primaries, National Vote at Home Institute, and BallotReady to name a few. CES continues to use digital media to communicate information about "approval votingX and other voting methods using Facebook, Twitter, Google Search, and the CES mailing list. In 2020, CES published dozens of educational articles and blogs on the CES website and social media platforms for the purpose of educating the public to raise awareness on the benefits of alternatives in voting.
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IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActy3Grp/Desc0Voting Method Advancement: In 2020, CES provided a grant to STL Approves, a local organization in St. Louis, to complete a signature-gathering campaign to get "approval voting" on the city ballot. St. Louis citizens were demanding a better voting method than the partisan, plurality primaries that they had used for decades. The group succeeded in getting the initiative on the ballot, and thanks to an additional grant and support from CES, voters passed "approval voting" in Nov with 68% support. In June, CES conducted voter education in Fargo, ND ahead of their first-ever election using "approval voting." Additional activities in 2020 included building groups in communities to support "approval voting" in Seattle, Austin, Colorado and Utah. An RFP process was started in 2020 to provide grassroots activists with seed grants for "approval voting" efforts.
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IRS990/ProgSrvcAccomActy3Grp/RevenueAmt00
IRS990/ProhibitedTaxShelterTransInd0false
IRS990/PYContributionsGrantsAmt01916175
IRS990/PYExcessBenefitTransInd0false
IRS990/PYGrantsAndSimilarPaidAmt0115000
IRS990/PYInvestmentIncomeAmt027532
IRS990/PYOtherExpensesAmt0259582
IRS990/PYOtherRevenueAmt0103
IRS990/PYRevenuesLessExpensesAmt01277118
IRS990/PYSalariesCompEmpBnftPaidAmt0292110
IRS990/PYTotalExpensesAmt0666692
IRS990/PYTotalRevenueAmt01943810
IRS990/QuidProQuoContributionsInd0false
IRS990/RcvFndsToPayPrsnlBnftCntrctInd0false
IRS990/ReconcilationRevenueExpnssAmt0-248594
IRS990/RegularMonitoringEnfrcInd0true
IRS990/RelatedEntityInd0false
IRS990/RelatedOrganizationCtrlEntInd0false
IRS990/ReportInvestmentsOtherSecInd0false
IRS990/ReportLandBuildingEquipmentInd0false
IRS990/ReportOtherAssetsInd0false
IRS990/ReportOtherLiabilitiesInd0false
IRS990/ReportProgramRelatedInvstInd0false
IRS990/RevenueAmt00
IRS990/SavingsAndTempCashInvstGrp/BOYAmt01577524
IRS990/SavingsAndTempCashInvstGrp/EOYAmt01038314
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/CurrentTaxYearAmt0701263
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt01916175
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt0252365
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt0648562
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt038572
IRS990ScheduleA/GiftsGrantsContriRcvd170Grp/TotalAmt03556937
IRS990ScheduleA/GovtFurnSrvcFcltsVl170Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/CurrentTaxYearAmt09199
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt027532
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt0126
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt073
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt0576
IRS990ScheduleA/GrossInvestmentIncome170Grp/TotalAmt037506
IRS990ScheduleA/InvestmentIncomeCYPct00
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherIncome170Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/OtherSupportSumAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicOrganization170Ind0X
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportCY170Pct00.94090
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportCY509Pct00
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportPY170Pct00.93550
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportTotal170Amt03382151
IRS990ScheduleA/PublicSupportTotal509Amt00
IRS990ScheduleA/SubstantialContributorsTotAmt0174786
IRS990ScheduleA/TaxRevLeviedOrgnztnlBnft170Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleA/ThirtyThrPctSuprtTestsCY170Ind0X
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/CurrentTaxYearAmt0701263
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus1YearAmt01916175
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus2YearsAmt0252365
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus3YearsAmt0648562
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/CurrentTaxYearMinus4YearsAmt038572
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalCalendarYear170Grp/TotalAmt03556937
IRS990ScheduleA/TotalSupportAmt03594443
IRS990ScheduleA/UnrelatedBusinessNetIncm170Grp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorBusinessName/BusinessNameLine10RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorNum0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/AddressLine10RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/AddressLine20RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/City0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/State0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/ContributorUSAddress/ZIPCode0RESTRICTED
IRS990ScheduleB/ContributorInformationGrp/TotalContributionsAmt0RESTRICTED
IRS990/ScheduleBRequiredInd0true
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearAmt00
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearMinus1Amt00
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearMinus2Amt00
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsLobbyingExpendGrp/TotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsNontaxableGrp/CurrentYearAmt042226
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsNontaxableGrp/CurrentYearMinus1Amt031251
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsNontaxableGrp/CurrentYearMinus2Amt024637
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgGrassrootsNontaxableGrp/TotalAmt098114
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgLobbyingNontaxableAmountGrp/CurrentYearAmt0168903
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgLobbyingNontaxableAmountGrp/CurrentYearMinus1Amt0125004
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgLobbyingNontaxableAmountGrp/CurrentYearMinus2Amt098549
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgLobbyingNontaxableAmountGrp/TotalAmt0392456
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgTotalLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearAmt0128258
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgTotalLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearMinus1Amt0121879
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgTotalLobbyingExpendGrp/CurrentYearMinus2Amt051089
IRS990ScheduleC/AvgTotalLobbyingExpendGrp/TotalAmt0301226
IRS990ScheduleC/GrassrootsCeilingAmt0147171
IRS990ScheduleC/GrassrootsNontaxableGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt042226
IRS990ScheduleC/LobbyingCeilingAmt0588684
IRS990ScheduleC/LobbyingNontaxableAmountGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt0168903
IRS990ScheduleC/OtherExemptPurposeExpendGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt0831096
IRS990ScheduleC/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt0Our organization provided grants to STL Approves to aid in their signature gathering and campaign efforts for Proposition D for Democracy in St. Louis. This initiative sought to implement non partisan, approval voting primaries followed by a top-two runoff for citywide elections. Our lobbying expenses here also include funds spent on public opinion polling around Proposition D in St. Louis and canvassing software that we purchased for STL Approves.
IRS990ScheduleC/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc0Pt I-A Line 1
IRS990ScheduleC/TotalDirectLobbyingGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt0128258
IRS990ScheduleC/TotalExemptPurposeExpendGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt0959354
IRS990ScheduleC/TotalGrassrootsLobbyingGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleC/TotalLobbyingExpendGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt0128258
IRS990ScheduleC/TotLbbyExpendMnsLbbyngNonTxGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleC/TotLbbyngGrassrootMnsNonTxGrp/FilingOrganizationsTotalAmt00
IRS990ScheduleG/AgrmtProfFundraisingActyInd0true
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/ActivityTxt0Major Gifts
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/ActivityTxt1Grant Writ
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/FundraiserControlOfFundsInd0false
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/FundraiserControlOfFundsInd1false
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/GrossReceiptsAmt033000
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/GrossReceiptsAmt115000
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/NetToOrganizationAmt0-60465
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/NetToOrganizationAmt1-17900
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/OrganizationBusinessName/BusinessNameLine1Txt0Aperio Philanthropy
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/OrganizationBusinessName/BusinessNameLine1Txt1Elevate
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/RetainedByContractorAmt093465
IRS990ScheduleG/FundraiserActivityInfoGrp/RetainedByContractorAmt132900
IRS990ScheduleG/TotalGrossReceiptsAmt048000
IRS990ScheduleG/TotalNetToOrganizationAmt0-78365
IRS990ScheduleG/TotalRetainedByContractorsAmt0126365
IRS990ScheduleI/GrantRecordsMaintainedInd0true
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/CashGrantAmt0120030
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/PurposeOfGrantTxt0Educational
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/RecipientBusinessName/BusinessNameLine1Txt0STL Approves
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/RecipientEIN0834279722
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/USAddress/AddressLine1Txt04224 Hartford St
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/USAddress/CityNm0Saint Louis
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/USAddress/StateAbbreviationCd0MO
IRS990ScheduleI/RecipientTable/USAddress/ZIPCd063116
IRS990ScheduleI/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt0Grants are monitored through meetings with grantee and periodic reports.
IRS990ScheduleI/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc0Pt I Line 2
IRS990/ScheduleJRequiredInd0false
IRS990/ScheduleORequiredInd0true
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt0The Board reviews the 990 before submission
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt1There is a Board governance committee to oversee conflict of interest policy
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt2The Board reviews compensation for the Executive Director
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt3Bylaws and financial statements are published on the website
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt4Governance policies have been updated in 2018.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt57510-Fundraising Fees 977. 977.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt67570-Professional Service Fees-Other 86295. 86295.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt77550-Polling Expenses 38800. 38800.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt87580-Temporary Contract 21600. 21600.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/ExplanationTxt97590-Voter Education Campaign 35188. 35188.
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc0Pt VI, Line 11b
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc1Pt VI, Line 12c
IRS990ScheduleO/SupplementalInformationDetail/FormAndLineReferenceDesc2Pt VI, Line 15a

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