Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary

“The infirmary's bylaws state the following: there shall be an executive committee consisting of those individuals who are serving as members of the executive committee of the member. The executive committee shall have the power to transact all emergency business of the corporation during the period between the meetings of the board of directors. The executive committee shall also transact such business, perform such duties, and exercise such powers as may be directed or delegated by the board of directors from tme to time. The executive committee shall keep a record of its proceedings. All actions of the executive committee shall be reported to the board of directors at its next regular meeting.”

“The governor of the commonwealth has the authority to appoint two directors. The bylaws of the infirmary state that the remaining directors are those individuals serving as directors of its sole member, the foundation of the massachusetts eye and ear infirmary, inc. ("the foundation"). Form 990, part vi, line 7b the foundation is the sole member of the infirmary and retains the authority to make decisions regarding the infirmary. Form 990, part vi, line 11b the infirmary's form 990 is prepared by pricewaterhousecoopers, llp using information prepared by management. After the form 990 is completed, it is reviewed by the manager of investments and foundation accounting. The form 990 is then presented to the finance committee for review and approval as authorized by the board of directors. The board of directors are also given the form 990 for review with time to submit comments and questions before final filing. Form 990, part vi, line 12c members of the staff are required to disclose conflicts of interest to their chief of service or department and director of laboratory/unit. Members of the board of directors are required to disclose annually, in writing, any interests that could give rise to conflicts. The office of the internal legal counsel obtains and reviews the annual conflicts of interest statements submitted by members of the board of directors, and reports on the same to the audit and compliance committee of the board. With respect to interests disclosed by board members that could give rise to conflicts of interest, the internal legal counsel reviews all transactions between such interests and affiliates of the infirmary, to determine whether these transactions were conducted at arm's length. Form 990, part vi, line 15 the chairman of the compensation committee of the board of the infirmary presents a recommendation to the compensation committee who have final approval of the ceo's base salary and bonus amount. The ceo recommends the salaries of the chiefs and vice presidents to the compensation committee of the board who has final authorization to approve it. Compensation of those at the director level, including the director of professional revenue cycle, director of facilities planning, and chief information officer is reviewed and approved by the vice president of operations. The compensation committee meeting was held on november 16, 2016. Total compensation for the ceo, chiefs and vice presidents, including bonus payments, including comparability data, is analyzed by independent compensation consultants and is determined to be reasonable.”

“Summarized financial statements are available on the infirmary's website: www.masseyeandear.org. Audited financial statements are available upon request. The infirmary's governing documents and form 990 are available upon request. The conflict of interest policy is also available upon request.”

“The massachusetts eye and ear infirmary ("the infirmary") is a not-for-profit teaching hospital conducting patient care and research. The infirmary is a teaching hospital of harvard medical school and an international center for research. It has the most competitive program in the country for eye, ear, nose, and throat residency training and the world's largest ophthalmic fellowship program. It is part of a system of related entities that provide specialized medical care collectively known as "massachusetts eye and ear infirmary" ("meei"). Form 990, part iii, line 4a: massachusetts eye and ear is a specialty hospital dedicated to excellence in the care of disorders that affect the eye, ear, nose, throat and adjacent regions of the head and neck. In the 2017-2018 best hospitals survey, u.s. News & world report ranked mass. Eye and ear #2 in the nation for ear, nose and throat care and #4 for eye care. The commitment to provide compassionate and accessible patient care continued in 2017 with the expansion to nineteen clinical care locations. A major focus of the organization over the past year was the process to become a member of partners healthcare. The goal is for mass. Eye and ear to become a tier 1 entity within the top healthcare organization in the northeast. Mass. Eye and ear and partners have a long history of collaboration and the hope is that this will allow for a more seamless sharing of some of the centralized services partners extends to its entities, including peoplesoft (enterprise resource planning) and epic (unified patient care system). The process, nearing a final vote (as of this writing) will enable mass. Eye and ear to maintain its own hospital license, board of directors and independent departments, with the support of partners healthcare. Clinical highlights department of ophthalmology faculty hires mary e. Aronow, md emma davies, md thaddeus dryja, md (part-time) rosario fernandez-godino, phd, msc gabriel fickett, od zhigang he, phd john kempen, md, mph, mhs, phd francois lebreton, phd michael price, md shrinivas pundlik, phd jane schweitzer, md ayellet segr, msc, phd david sol - del valle, md tomasz stryjewski, md jo-ann haney tilton, md jia yin, md faculty appointments ophthalmology alex bowers, phd: associate professor of ophthalmology sunil chauhan, phd: associate professor of ophthalmology joseph ciolino, md: associate professor of ophthalmology jack greiner, do, od, phd: assistant professor of ophthalmology (part-time) xiaoqing guo, md: instructor in ophthalmology nahyoung grace lee, md: assistant professor of ophthalmology heitian lei, phd: assistant professor of ophthalmology yang liu, md: instructor in ophthalmology richard masland, phd: distinguished david glendenning cogan professor of ophthalmology joan w. Miller, md: david glendenning cogan professor of ophthalmology eric pierce, md, phd: solman and libe friedman professor of ophthalmology shivakumar vasanth, phd: instructor in ophthalmology department of otolaryngology new recruits full-time medical staff kevin h. Franck, phd, mba, ccc-a kenneth m. Grundfast, md, facs yuna c. Larrabee, md community-based medical staff christina v. Scirica, md sean t. Doherty, md, facs jordan glicksman, md, mph jong chul park, md (part-time mass. Eye and ear) otolaryngology faculty appointments professor gregory w. Randolph, md, facs, face associate professor benjamin s. Bleier, md eric h. Holbrook, md hideko heidi nakajima, md, phd jeremy d. Richmon, md assistant professor nate jowett, md, frcsc david h. Jung, md, phd felipe santos, md other promotions/new leadership benjamin s. Bleier, md, was named the director of endoscopic skull base surgery. Stacey t. Gray, md, was appointed president of the otolaryngology medical staff. Richard f. Lewis, md, was appointed director of the jenks vestibular physiology laboratory. Daniel b. Polley, phd, was appointed the director of the lauer tinnitus research center. Meaghan reed, aud, was promoted to associate director”

“Department of ophthalmology amd center of excellence researchers identify potential biomarkers of age-related macular degeneration a study by authors including joan w. Miller, md, ines lains, md, deeba husain, md, john b. Miller, md, demetrios g. Vavvas, md, phd, and ivana k. Kim, md, found that patients with any stage of age-related macular degeneration (amd) carry signs of the disease in their blood that may be found through special laboratory tests. The study describes a new technique known as metabolomics, which can identify blood profiles associated with amd - the leading cause of adult blindness in developed countries - and its level of severity. These potential lipid biomarkers in human blood plasma may lead to earlier diagnosis, better prognostic information, and more precise treatment of patients with amd, as well as potential new targets for amd treatment. Researchers identify key compounds to resolve abnormal vascular growth in age-related macular degeneration a study led by kip connor, phd, showed that a compound of specific bioactive products from a major family of enzymes reduced the severity of age-related macular degeneration (amd) in a preclinical model. The report suggests that it may be possible to prevent the vision loss resulting from disease-causing angiogenesis and inflammation observed in wet amd by increasing the expression of specific bioactive lipid metabolites in the retina. The research demonstrates that these bioactive lipids have the ability to regulate inflammatory immune cells in the retina, key regulators of the angiogenic process in this disease. Given this, these molecules show promising therapeutic potential not only for amd, but also for other major conditions that involve angiogenesis and inflammation, such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Choroidal changes associated with subretinal drusenoid deposits in age-related macular degeneration using swept-source oct john b. Miller, md, ines lains, md, and colleagues identified a reduction in choroidal thickness and vessel volume in subjects with intermediate age-related macular generation (amd) when subretinal drusenoid deposits were present - an important clinical feature of amd. Understanding choroidal abnormalities may shed light upon the development of subretinal drusenoid deposits and provide insight into the pathogenesis of amd. Cornea center of excellence new technique may prevent graft rejection in high-risk corneal transplant patients reza dana, md, msc, mph, and researchers developed a novel strategy to promote the tolerance of corneal transplants in patients at high risk for rejection. They targeted antigen-presenting cells in donor tissues with a combination of two cytokines, tgf-? And il-10, that work together to promote tolerance of the graft by the transplant recipient's immune system. Restoration of corneal transparency by mesenchymal stem cells a study led by sunil chauhan, phd, identified hepatocyte growth factor (hgf), secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, as the key factor responsible for restoring corneal transparency and promoting wound healing in preclinical models of corneal injury. The findings suggest that hgf-based treatments may be effective in restoring vision in patients with severely scarred corneas. Translational research on lubricin demonstrates significant improvement of multiple signs and symptoms of dry eye disease david a. Sullivan, phd, in collaboration with colleagues from several institutions worldwide, evaluated the use of recombinant human lubricin as a treatment for patients with dry eye disease. A clinical trial based on this research showed significant improvement in signs and symptoms of dry eye disease compared to sodium hyaluronate without adverse events during the investigation. Researchers find stem cells in normal and fuchs corneal endothelium ula jurkunas, md, was the principal investigator of a study that, for the first time, identified stem cells not only in normal corneal endothelium but”

“Copy-number variation is an important contributor to the genetic causality of inherited retinal degenerations gene therapy shows promise for treating some forms of inherited retinal degeneration (ird), but for about 40% of patients with ird-related vision loss, the genetic cause is unknown. A team led by eric a. Pierce, md, phd, and kinga bujakowska, phd, reported that copy number variations are to blame, in part, with most deletions occurring through non-allelic homologous recombination (nahr). The team mapped nahr-prone regions with overlapping ird genes and suggested that extending the search to these regions and other structural variations may reveal more genetic causality and speed diagnosis for patients. Other research genome editing with crispr-cas9 prevents angiogenesis of the retina a research team led by hetian lei, phd, successfully prevented mice from developing angiogenesis of the retina-the sensory tissue at the back of the eye-using gene-editing techniques with crispr-cas9. Angiogenesis causes vision loss and blindness and is a feature of several degenerative eye conditions, including proliferative diabetic retinopathy (pdr), wet age-related macular degeneration (amd), and retinopathy of prematurity (rop). The researchers presented a novel gene-editing technique to prevent retinal angiogenesis, which could lead to the development of new therapies for eye conditions marked by pathological intraocular angiogenesis. Systemic therapy outperforms intraocular implant for treating uveitis john kempen, md, mph, mhs, phd, and colleagues worked on a seven-year, multi-center clinical trial funded by the national eye institute, in which they found that systemic therapy consisting of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants preserved vision of uveitis patients better - and had fewer adverse outcomes - than a long-lasting corticosteroid intraocular implant. After seven years, visual acuity on average remained stable among participants on systemic therapy but declined by an average of six letters (about one line on an eye chart) among participants who had the implant. Researchers identify mechanism of retina damage following chemical eye burns eleftherios paschalis, phd, led a research team that has identified an inflammatory factor, tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), as the mechanism responsible for causing retinal damage from alkali eye burns. This finding may lead to the development of therapies that prevent damage to the retina. Chemical eye burns caused by alkali agents not only injure the front of the eye - the cornea, where the contact takes place - but also cause widespread damage to the light-sensitive tissue at the back of the eye (the retina) as well, often leading to optic nerve damage and glaucoma. Researchers identify factors responsible for chronic nature of autoimmune disease researchers led by reza dana, md, msc, mph, have uncovered two factors responsible for the chronic, lifelong nature of autoimmune disorders, which tend to flare up intermittently in affected patients. These two factors are cell-signaling proteins called cytokines-specifically interleukin-7 and -15 (il-7 and il-15)-that are secreted by cells of the immune system and help modulate memory th17 cells, a subset of t cells which are known to contribute to autoimmune disorders. Until now, it was unclear how th17 cells maintained memory; the study results show that il-7 and il-15 signal the th17 cells to chronically reside in the body. These findings may lead to the development of new therapies to address a variety of chronic autoimmune disorders. Department of otolaryngology research faculty artur a. Indzhykulian, md, phd kristina simonyan, md, phd, dr. Med. Anne e. Takesian, phd basic science gene therapy restores hearing in deaf mice down to a whisper efforts to develop gene therapies for hearing loss have been hampered by the lack of safe, efficient, and clinically relevant delivery modalities. In a study led by lukas landegger, md, phd, a”

“Hearing aid microphone placement behind the pinna, which minimizes feedback but also reduces perception of the high-frequency pinna cues needed for sound localization, is one reason why hearing-aid users often complain about the poor sound quality and difficulty understanding speech in noisy situations. Mass. Eye and ear/harvard medical school researcher sunil puria, phd, in collaboration with earlens corporation, investigated strategies for minimizing the feedback pressure and developed finite element models of the human middle ear using stapes velocity, cochlear pressure, ear canal impedance, and middle ear power reflectance from living and cadaver temporal bones. These models have applications in the design of improved hearing aids that mechanically drive the umbo (the central, most inverted portion of the ear drum). Such design applications could reduce feedback pressure using acoustic dampers in the canal tip. This new design paves the path towards placing the microphones of future devices that mechanically simulate the middle ear in the ear canal. Khaleghia m, puria s. Attenuating the ear canal feedback pressure of a laser-driven hearing aid. J acoust soc of am. 2017;141:3,16831693. Connectome-wide phenotypical and genotypical associations in focal dystonia laryngeal dystonia (ld), or spasmodic dysphonia, is a movement disorder that selectively affects the production of speech due to impaired voluntary control of vocal fold movements. Early studies have pointed to segregated changes in brain activity and connectivity and only recently, the notion that dystonia pathophysiology may lie in abnormalities of large-scale brain networks has appeared in the literature. In support of this emerging view, a team of researchers including kristina simonyan, md, phd, conducted detailed investigation of the architecture of large-scale functional brain networks in a uniquely large population of 90 ld patients and 32 healthy subjects. Their findings provide the first comprehensive atlas of functional topology across different phenotypes and genotypes of focal dystonia. As such, this study constitutes an important paradigm-shifting step towards defining dystonia as a large-scale network disorder for understanding of its causative pathophysiology and the identification of disorder-specific markers. Fuertinger s, simonyan k. Connectome-wide phenotypical and genotypical associations in focal dystonia. J neurosci. 2017 aug 2;37(31):74387449. Histopathology histopathology of the human inner ear in cogans syndrome with cochlear implantation cogan syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by non-syphilitic interstitial keratitis and audiovestibular symptoms with profound sensorineural hearing loss reported in approximately 50 percent of patients with this disorder, often resulting in candidacy for cochlear implantation. A team of researchers including joesph b. Nadol, jr., md, recently completed a study that became the first histopathologic report of a patient with cogans syndrome who, during life, had undergone bilateral cochlear implantation. Although severe bilateral degeneration of the spiral ganglion neurons was seen, the postoperative word discrimination score was between 50 and 60 percent bilaterally. The histopathology seen within the inner ear was the result of labyrinthitis secondary to cogans syndrome in addition to the immune-mediated response to the implantation process. Kamakura t, lee dj, herrmann bs, nadol jb jr. Histopathology of the human inner ear in the cogan syndrome with cochlear implantation. Audiol neurootol. 2017;22(2):116123. Clinical practice patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis show improvement with verapamil treatment a clinical trial studying the use of verapamil, a drug currently in use for cardiovascular disease and cluster headache, in alleviating chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) with nasal polyps revealed significant improvement in the symptoms of this subset of patients. Led by benjamin s. Bleier, md, it is”

“Aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids), and acetaminophen are the most commonly used medications in the us. Frequent use of analgesics has been associated with higher risk of hearing loss. However, the association between duration of analgesic use and risk of hearing loss is unclear. Therefore, a team of researchers including brian m. Lin, md, prospectively investigated the relation between duration of analgesic use and self-reported hearing loss among 55,850 women in the nurses health study. They found that longer duration of nsaid use was associated with a ten percent increase in risk of hearing and longer duration of acetaminophen use was associated with a nine percent increase in risk of hearing loss. Duration of aspirin use was not associated with hearing loss. Considering the high prevalence of analgesic use and the high probability of frequent and/or prolonged exposure in women of more advanced ages, our findings suggest nsaid use and acetaminophen use may be modifiable risk factors for hearing loss. Lin bm, curhan sg, wang m, eavey r, stankovic km, curhan gc. Duration of analgesic use and risk of hearing loss in women. Am j epidemiol. 2017 jan 1. 185(1):4047. Patients with depression symptoms due to chronic sinus disease may be less productive depressed patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (crs) are more likely to miss days of work or school than those without depression symptoms, according to the results of a study led by ahmad r. Sedaghat, md, phd. The findings, published in annals of allergy, asthma and immunology, identify depression symptoms as the primary driver of lost days of productivity in patients with crs. In search of an association with lost productivity, the researchers assessed the main symptoms of crs-disturbances of sleep, nasal obstruction, ear and facial pain, and emotional function-in 107 patients using a standardized survey. On average, study participants reported three missed days of work or school in a three-month period, or 12 missed days in a year. When the researchers took a closer look at the surveys, they identified emotional symptoms, in which depression symptoms are the strongest feature, as the primary driver of missed days of work or school. Campbell ap, phillips km, hoehle lp, feng al, bergmark rw, caradonna ds, gray st, sedaghat ar. Depression symptoms and lost productivity in chronic rhinosinusitis. Ann allergy asthma immunol. 2017 mar;118(3):286289. Global surgery effect of removing the barrier of transportation costs on surgical utilisation eighty-one million people face impoverishment from surgical costs every year. The majority of this impoverishment is attributable to the non-medical costs of care such as transportation, food, and lodging. Of these, transportation is the largest, but because it is not viewed as an actual medical cost, it is frequently unaddressed. In a study led by mark g. Shrime, md, mph, phd, facs, researchers examined the barrier that transportation costs raise to accessing surgery in low-income countries. The researchers used data over four years from mercy ships, an organization that delivers free specialized surgical care in sub-saharan africa. Over these four years, the ship was docked in three countries (guinea, republic of congo, and madagascar) and saw 4,340 surgical patients, 2,629 of whom lived further than five hours away. They found that when controlling for all possible confounders, the no-show rate dropped by nearly half when transportation was paid for. This highlights that decreasing demand-side barriers to surgical care cannot be limited only to the removal of user fees. Shrime mg, hamer m, mukhopadhyay s, kunz lm, claus nh, randall k, jean-baptiste jh, maevatombo ph, toh mps, biddell jr, bos r, white m. Effect of removing the barrier of transportation costs on surgical utilisation in guinea, madagascar, and the republic of congo. Bmj glob health 2017;2:e000434. Doi:10.1136/ bmjgh-2017-000434. Radiology dr. Amy juliano continu”

“Education ent education highlights this year we celebrated the graduation of the class of 2017 at a june 23rd ceremony held in the meltzer auditorium at mass. Eye and ear. Our graduates included francis pete x. Creighton, jr., md, rebecca j. Hammon, md, taha a. Jan, md, matthew r. Naunheim, md, mba, and george a. Scangas, md. We also celebrated the graduation of five clinical fellows: regan w. Bergmark, md, rhinology adam p. Campbell, md, rhinology callum faris, md, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery ruwan kiringoda, md, neurotology heather a. Osborn, md, frcsc, head and neck surgical oncology/microvascular surgery following graduation, we welcomed several new trainees in otolaryngology to mass. Eye and ear, including five new otolaryngology interns and eight clinical fellows. Our otolaryngology interns include eric r. Barbarite, md, adeeb derakhshan, md, krupa r. Patel, md, tiffany v. Wang, md, and phoebe kuo yu, md. Our clinical fellows include joseph r. Dusseldorp, md (facial plastic and reconstructive surgery), jacqueline j. Greene, md (facial plastic and reconstructive surgery), joseph zenga, md (head and neck oncology/ microvascular surgery), nicholas a. Dewyer, md (neurtology), sarah bouhabel, md (pediatric otolaryngology), edward t. El rassi, md (rhinology), george a. Scangas, md (rhinology), and mohamed shama, md (thyroid and parathyroid surgery). In other education news, we continue to enjoy our state-of-the-art otolaryngology surgical training laboratory and have held several major courses there over the past year, from resident dissection courses to cme courses with international attendees. This year, two new lectureships were established, including the donald g. Keamy, sr., lectureship and the c.t. Lee endowed lectureship in spirituality, compassion, and healing. Awards and honors ophthalmology teresa chen, md: a. Clifford barger excellence in mentoring award, harvard medical school kip connor, phd: young mentor award, harvard medical school patricia d'amore, phd, mba: president-elect, association of university professors of ophthalmology research directors council reza dana, md, msc, mph: 2018 friedenwald award, association for research in vision and ophthalmology; 2017 senior achievement award, american academy of ophthalmology dean eliott, md: lifetime mentorship award, vit-buckle society evangelos gragoudas, md: 2017 simmons lessell excellence in education award, department of ophthalmology, mass. Eye and ear, harvard medical school kathryn hatch, md: named an outstanding female leader in ophthalmology by millenialeye jae-hyun jung, phd: 2017 alice j. Adler fellowship of schepens eye research institute of mass. Eye and ear, eleanor and miles shore 50th anniversary fellowship, harvard medical school frederick jakobiec, md, dsc: merrill reeh prize from the american society of ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery ula jurkunas, md: 2017 pfizer ophthalmics carl camras translational research award carolyn kloek, md: 2017 educator award, women in ophthalmology gang luo, phd: innovations in technology low vision research award, research to prevent blindness/reader's digest partners for sight foundation/consumer technology association foundation joan w. Miller, md: inducted into the dowling society, association for research in vision and ophthalmology; appointed to the board of trustees, association for university professors in ophthalmology louis pasquale, md: 2017 gold fellow, association for research in vision and ophthalmology eli peli, msc, od: charles f. Prentice medal award, american academy of optometry roberto pineda ii, md: accepted into the international intraocular implant club brian song, md, mph: joanne angle investigator award, prevent blindness david sullivan, ms, phd: dr. Donald r. Korb award, american optometric association contact lens and cornea section luk vandenberghe, phd: nelson trust award, research to prevent blindness; 2017 ed gollob board of directors' award, foundation fight”

“Michael s. Cohen, md, sent earmuff-style hearing protection to the new england patriots players for their kids to wear during super bowl li. He also hosted his annual hearing center family carnival, which brings dozens of patient families to mass. Eye and ear for a day of fun. Aaron k. Remenschneider, md, mph, alicia m. Quesnel, md, and research fellow iman a. Ghanad are working with the massachusetts commission for the deaf and hard of hearing on continued support for the boston marathon bombing victims. They have established a formal collaboration with them to serve and support survivors, and collect clinical outcomes data on patients who are local. The voice and speech laboratory (vsl) went to concord-carlisle regional high school in for a full-day program geared toward juniors and seniors, many of whom are interested in pursuing careers in health science. Staff from mass. Eye and ear, stoneham held a holiday toy drive for the children of malden. A new collaboration between mass. Eye and ear and symphony new hampshire was established. The goal of this partnership is to bring medically based music therapy programs to mass. Eye and ear patients. Otolaryngology faculty and residents met with harvard medical school students at the mass. Eye and ear, longwood campus to review basic head and neck exam skills. Ophthalmology facility/programmatic established the simmons lessell fellowship in neuro-ophthalmology established the thomas j. Madden fellowship in retina established the iraty award for research in retinal diseases established the monte j. Wallace ophthalmology chair in retina new ophthalmology patient care location opened in malden, ma - offers comprehensive ophthalmology, including cataract surgery and contact lenses, as well as eye plastics services - optometry, glaucoma and cornea services in the future. First medical center in new england to offer state-of-the-art retinal surgery using the ngenuity 3d visualization system offering new fda-approved corneal cross-linking procedure to halt progression of keratoconus mass. Eye and ear is participating in a new harvard medical school faculty mentoring leadership certificate program that runs from november 8, 2017 through june 13, 2018. This program is a multi-session, peer-learning experience for mid-career and senior faculty physician and scientist mentors. The goal for participants of this program is to become leaders in mentoring who will go on to facilitate the program in future years, or develop similar programs at their own institutions. Launched the retinal disease institute (rdi) cabinet-an advisory council of leaders in retinal research philanthropy who will work with mass. Eye and ear/harvard ophthalmology retina leaders to accelerate cures for retinal diseases. Cabinet members include: joan miller, wyc grousbeck, charles de gunzburg, pete ankeny, chris snook, george yancopoulos, tony adamis, and gene hill. As the first of its kind, the rdi is designed to foster partnerships between mass. Eye and ear/harvard ophthalmology faculty working in fields related to retinal disease and the worlds leading scientists (basic biomedical researchers, clinician scientists, engineers, and clinicians) working outside vision research.”

“Other changes in net assets or fund balances: adjustment for pension and postretirement related changes other than net periodic pension cost: $4,668,500”